A Study On The Protective Immunity - 928 Words

In this study, the CRPV/HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model was used to assess the protective immunity generated by DNA vaccines delivered using the gene gun, the tattoo gun or the microneedle system. The focus was to determine whether the tattoo gun and the microneedle delivery systems were useful DNA vaccination alternatives to the gene gun. Our laboratory has successfully utilized the gene gun in our DNA vaccination studies for both protective and therapeutic purposes (17,34). However, the gene gun system is costly, and we are constantly looking for alternatives to back up our vaccine development program. Tattoo gun has been reported to deliver a DNA vaccine successfully in both mice and non-human primates (21-23). Compared with the gene gun and microneedle, tattoo gun delivery is more cost effective but more invasive which generates trauma and scars the vaccinated tissues. Microneedle delivery has achieved comparable protection in mice with twice the dose of gene gun delivery (24 ). However, no studies have been attempted in rabbits for DNA vaccination with either a tattoo gun or a microneedle. In the current study, we compared the gene gun with the tattoo gun as well as the tattoo gun with microneedle DNA vaccine delivery using our well-studied DNA epitope vaccines and our unique HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model (39). Read out was tumor outgrowth rates and tumor size. We demonstrated that these two novel DNA delivery systems can be used for DNA vaccination in the rabbitShow MoreRelatedInteractions Between Fungi And DC900 Words   |  4 Pagesand DC: How DC can be used to develop vaccines? Like mentioned previously, DC initiates activation of different types of cells based on type of molecules/antigens at site of infection. Hence different forms of fungi initiate different mechanisms of immunity. When DC pulsed with fungus are introduced into mice, they can initiate specific immune response against that antigen by activating CD4+ Th cells. The analysis of antigen specific proliferation and cytokine production from CD4+ Th cells was doneRead MoreA Research Analysis Of MERS-COV Mice912 Words   |  4 PagesAn experimental study done on Six-to eight-week-old specific pathogen-free female BALB/c mice to test if DNA vaccine encoding MERS-COV S protein can induce immunity against MERS-COV infection. The study generated 3 recombinant plasmids expressing MERS-CoV spike protein: pcDNA3.1-S, pcDNA3.1-SDCD, and pcDNA3.1-S1 which dissolved into Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with final concertation of 1  µg /  µl. Mice were divide randomly to experimental group which injected intramuscularly with 100  µg recombinantRead MoreRapid Diagnostic Tests In Rwanda Case Study1129 Words   |  5 Pagesmalaria transmission Combined malaria histidine rich protein 2 (HRP2)/ Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are often used to determine whether persons with fever should be treated with anti-malarials. The observation study carried out in Rwanda on 9226 from April 2014- April 2015 to compare the sensitivity of RDTs based on HRP2 and the Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) in diagnosing malaria using microscopy and molecular test(PCR) to see if there is associationRead More##syl Lipid A ( GLA ) Adjuvants : Associated Antigen Portrayed In Fig1857 Words   |  4 Pagesassociated antigen (Rv1813) as shown in Fig1. The protein has been identified to recognize human T cells [11] and has the capacity to stimulate Th1 immune responses known to confer protective immunity that is required for an effective TB vaccine [12]. However, as is generally known, recombinant proteins are by themselves poorly immunogenic and need an adjuvant to stimulate adaptive immune responses. The Glucopyranosyl Lipid A (GLA) adjuvant is a synthetic Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 4 that is formulatedRead MoreVaccinations : Should They Be Mandatory?1331 Words   |  6 Pagesmicroorganisms or toxins or of antibodies or lymphocytes† that is administered predominantly to thwart virus replication of a particular disease (Vaccine). It acts as a stimulant for the immune system of a human body which assists in developing adaptive immunity to a specific pathogen. Shockingly, vaccines themselves are created using components found in the virus or the bacteria itself (Offit). As of present, no federal vaccination laws exist in the United States of America although all states require childrenRead MoreHemoglobin Case Study940 Words   |  4 PagesThis study was aimed to assess the hemoglobin level, and associated factors to the development of neonatal infection in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). In our study of 256 neonates, the most prevalent diagnosis on admission was Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) of new born (43.00%) followed by prematurity (29.70%). Birth weight (with mean=1889g,), gestational age (mean= 34.2 weeks), hospital stay (mean=12days) and hemoglobin level (mean=14 ±2 g/dl) had greater odds for development of neonatalRead MoreWay to Stronger, Healthier and a More Immune India1833 Words   |  7 Pagesimmunization - Colostrum: We are responsible for immunity of the babies to start developing right from birth itself. It is the babys right to drink the mothers first milk expressed which is called colostrum. It has large amount of main immune factor Immunoglobulin A(IgA) which forms a protective layer on the mucous membranes in the babys intestines, nose and throat. This protective layer protects the babies from invading germs. The protective layer formed in intestinal tract prevent babies fromRead MoreBreastfeeding : The Natural Source Of Nutrition For Babies1175 Words   |  5 Pagesfluid that a newborn needs in the early days after birth, as well as substances to protect the baby diseases. Compared to regular breast milk, colostrum is yellow in color, and very dense. Its color and thickness are a result of it being higher in protective nutrients and antibodies. (HHS- Office on Women’s Health, 4). Also, colostrum is higher in protein, slightly lower in sugar, extremely low in fat. A mother’s body will produce colostrum for many days after child birth, until milk production increasesRead MoreEssay On Natural Immunity Against Malaria1574 Words   |  7 PagesNatural Immunity against malaria: Natural immunity against asexual stage parasites develops with repetitive exposure to malaria parasites and thus forms the basis of clinical immunity against malaria (Baird, Jones et al. 1991, Day and Marsh 1991, Trape, Rogier et al. 1994, Baird 1995, Baird 1998, Hviid 2005). Though clinical immunity to malaria has been shown to develop in individuals, it does not prevent reinfection due to several factors including the complex life-cycle of the parasite and insufficiencyRead MoreThe Epidemic Of West Nile1599 Words   |  7 Pageschallenge were used in the 1999-2000 studies. These challenge models result in about 90% of the nonvaccinated control horses developing viremia, but only 10% demonstrated clinical disease. The intrathecal challenge model is the newest version. 70 to 90% of nonvaccinated control horses become visemic and 90 to 100% develop grave signs of encephalomyelitis. West Nile virus vaccines are licensed either as 1) an aid in protection against viremia or 2) protective against viremia and clinical disease

North Atlantic Slave Trade - 2518 Words

HIST1105 Essay Question: Edward Long justified slavery in 1774 by arguing that black Africans’ â€Å"narrow intellect† and â€Å"bestial smell† implied that they might almost be of a different species. What part did racism play in establishing and maintaining the north Atlantic slave trade? Response: With the discovery and colonisation of the New World, white Europeans had to establish a workforce to perform the transformation of vast areas of land. Massive vegetation clearance, road construction, building development, establishing and maintaining food supplies and service to those who were entrusted with the management of the new found colonies, the demand for manual labour to establish the new colonies as independent identities from the†¦show more content†¦Through failed attempts of fighting against their attackers that had sophisticated machine guns and weapons, the blacks were captured and used as labourers. For the African rulers to be strong they needed fire arms which could only be obtained from Europeans by selling their people for slaves. Under the power held by white people, Africans experienced being kept in dungeons, being victims of sexual, psychological, physical and emotional abuse. Most married African women would have had strong and blessed marriages w ithin their communities before they were captured, however slave masters and priests would be demanding for kisses from the married women. The slaves received inhuman treatment during the trade without any dignity or respect from their white superiors. Different racial stereotypes were often developed by the white Europeans about the Africans during the trade period, which in fact continued on long after the great disaster ended. There were comparisons in criticism towards the black people; however there was one main view of which they were drawn upon, this was that they were described as naive, ignorant and superstitious, moreover many assumptions where made based on their physical appearance These stereotypes were caused and maintained by racism which had come as a result of the slavery. Further, they created a problem which continues to stay as â€Å"stereotypingShow MoreRelatedBritish America s Commercial Empire892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe eighteenth century was disclose with Alexander Falconbridge and Vision of America textbook passages along with the transatlantic slave trade database. The English Empire was built on cash crop exportation such as tobacco, rice, and sugar. A colonist in the most important settlements set t hemselves in plantations. â€Å"By the early eighteenth century, expanding trade with the British Empire increased the number of wealthy colonists and brought a flood of new luxury goods into affluent American HomesRead MoreThe African Of African Diaspora1733 Words   |  7 Pageshomeland, resiliency is essential. Humanity has molded and shaped the progress of the world in ways such as the movement or scattering of African colonies and tribes to the Americas in an inhumane fashion. This diaspora is known as the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. This essay will aim to provide a historical examination on the experience of Africans whom were forced to the Americas, ultimately triumphing over the obstacles and hardships that were put in place to hinder and obstruct human rights suchRead MoreEssay on 18th Centry Slavery In North America922 Words   |  4 Pagesexpand their power for technological, demographic, and economic reasons. The results of European expansion lead to new discoveries, international trade of goods and people, migration, and rivalry among European nations. The Atlantic slave trade was the exploitation of Africans who were enslaved to Europeans to perform free labor. The Atlantic slave trade was an abominable act that lasted from the fifteenth century into the nineteenth century. As the new world developed; the high demand for laborRead MoreThe Economic Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa, Britain, and America1398 Words   |  6 Pageswas all up to the slaves. Finding the perfect slave was a challenge to the colonists. First, there was the indentured servants, second, came the Indians. However because Indians and indentured servants could escape to freedom with ease, they were not the ideal slaves. The colonists’ third attempt proved to be a gold mine. The unfortunate people who were forced in to captivity were the Africans. In order to obtain these precious African slaves, sailors had to sail across the Atlantic Ocean, but it madeRead MoreCandido Term Paper: African Slave Trade1254 Words   |  6 PagesMarshall 999681704 Book Review: An African Slaving Port on the Atlantic, by Mariana Candido The impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the people living in Angola during the seventeenth century onwards was monumental. The Portuguese presence in the Benguelan harbour caused disorder, social strain, and sociocultural transformation for the people specifically residing in Benguela. In the study An African Slaving Port on the Atlantic, Mariana Candido outlines the progression of Benguela startingRead MoreSlavery And The Black Slavery1214 Words   |  5 PagesFROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM CHAPTERS 4, 5 and 6 Slave Societies in this chapter includes people with similar characteristics who lived together in a well or less organized community. Slave societies in eighteenth -century were common in North America in New England, the Mid-Atlantic and the Lower Mississippi Valley. The black slavery experience was not unique, that is not the same in these areas, was influenced by local conditions, nation of the colonizers, composition of men and women, statistical characteristicsRead MoreSlavery And The Black Slavery1534 Words   |  7 PagesFROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM CHAPTERS 4, 5 and 6 Chapter 4 Slave Societies in this chapter mean people with similar characteristics who lived together in a well or less organized community. Slave societies in eighteenth -century were common in North America in New England, the Mid-Atlantic and the Lower Mississippi Valley. The black slavery experience was not unique, that is not the same in these areas, was influenced by local conditions, nation of the colonizers, composition of men and women, statisticalRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade Movement870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atlantic Slave trade helped many African Americans transport across the Atlantic Ocean. Many slaves went through different experiences as they migrated from the Atlantic Ocean to America. Slavery and Slave Trade occurred in variety of cultures for over thousand of years. In West Africa, slave trade was much more common. It involved majority women and children that became servants only in Asia and North Africa. By the time Spain joined Portugal, the Atlantic slave trade expanded a there wasRead MoreEssay about Atlantic Slave Trade1519 Words   |  7 Pagescalled â€Å"The Atlantic Slave Trade† and was born in Zwagerbosch, Netherlands in 1935. He received his PhD from Michigan State. He is now a professor at Minnesota State University and has written â€Å"The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade†. As well as co- editing of â€Å"Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic trade and Shipping.† The Atlantic slave trade was the largest and longest ongoing international voyage in human history. Taking place as early as the 1440’s, the slave trade gives valuableRead MoreThe Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade679 Words   |  3 PagesThe Trans-Atlantic slave occurred during the early sixteenth century and lasted until the beginning of the all the way to nineteenth century. It was during this time when the beginning of the Black Diaspora would begin to manifest itself with the exportation of millions of the African populace to the Americas. These African people were forced and taken from their respective countries in a horrific manner. The result, these people became the slaves of newly forming colonies in North America. The trek

Operations Management Strategic Operations Management

Question: Discuss about the case study Operations Management for Strategic Operations Management. Answer: Introduction In todays world, with the increase in completion and advancement in technology, the rate of corruption is also increasing. So the management should manage the operations in such a way that will support the firm to survive in the competitive environment throughout the world without involving any corruption. In other words, the operations management should be turned into strategic operations management. The world is becoming so advanced that it demands continuous innovation to sustain in the competitive era including the markets and industries (Brown, et al, 2013). In the following discussion, we are going to discuss about some of the important sections of the strategic operations management which includes the following sections: Nature of strategy Role of operations strategy Manufacturing and strategic operations. Analysis and outlining Nature of Strategy Definition Understanding or making a strategy is not as easy as making a strategy requires a lot of analysis as well as practice. Therefore strategy can be defined in many ways. Some of them are: Strategy deals with meeting the needs of the current market demand along with exploiting the existing potential market opportunities (Hooley, et al, 2004). Strategy is making plans for the better and efficient use of the assets (Steiner, 2010). Strategy is formulating processes to help the enterprises to compete in this competitive world in unique and efficient way (Porter, 2008). Strategy is to develop the proficiency of the operations of the firms to such a superior level that the competitors were unable to imagine about it or if they come to know about the strategy then they will be unable to copy it (Cantamessa and Montagna, 2006: 87-114). All the definitions and indications about the strategy are related to the operations management in many different ways. From all the above it can be concluded that a strategy is the way to help the company to increase the performance which always includes formation and set up of goals and plans action for achieving those goals. Mission The missions should not be so dramatic or lengthy, but it should have some meaning which totally depends upon the capacity of the firms. Operations strategys success is not dependent on the length of the strategy or on how sweetly it is articulated. It is dependent how much the plan is concentrated on capacity of the operations effort. The capabilities of the firm should make the firm capable of competing with other firms in this highly competitive world. Along with the main motive of the strategy, there are also some small motives which include making all the employees to participate in each and every part of the strategy (Child, et al, 2005). Connecting the above two sections, it can be stated that if a companys mission is to make others know about what the firm is, then the purpose of strategy is to take care of how the mission can be achieved. To make a suitable and strong strategy the senior strategists should analyse and keep the knowledge about the operation capability of the company. It should not give extreme independence or limit the performances of the employees (Okoye, 2006). Figure 1: Basic Strategy Model Manufacturing And Operations Strategy Manufacturing strategy is the main part of the operational strategy and manufacturing strategy is introduced as a core topic of the operational management system by the U.S academics. Manufacturing strategy consists of the structural/infrastructure parts which also include capability of quality, manufacturing, skills audits, inventory management, innovation and requirements of investment (Ahmed, Abdalla., 2000: 3677-3709). Manufacturing strategy can also be stated as the combination of resource management and achievement of business demands. Operations Strategy One of the most important features of the operation managers is that the managers are aware of the competitive environment revolving around the company so they are able to deal with the competitors by putting on a strategy. Formation of a strategy for operations that constitutes a share of the overall strategy formed for the business can also play an important role in uniting the whole organization. Despite of all the disturbances in the markets, a strong and efficient strategy can perform an important role in the success of the firm. In a firm the formation of strategy is very important because without that the short term and the long term goals will get mixed up and messed up (Atsiaya., 2013). Manufacturing is a very important part of the performance of the company in terms of market share, profits and growth. Manufacturing have the capacity to be a competitive weapon in the strategy of the firm if it is utilized properly (Ward, et al., 1996: 597-626). Both the operational strategy as well as the business strategy gets contribution from the manufacturing strategy. Its influencing areas are as follows: Selection of new technologies. Development of new products. Management of human resources. The external competitive environment has a huge effect on the operations and performance of the company. Therefore it is essential to involve the operation strategy in formulation and implementation of the strategy in the business. The operation strategy should match with the requirements of the market in three areas: The operational strategy should be jolted in such a way that it should support the aims of the strategic business unit. Operational strategy should be aligned not only with the competitive strategy but also with other strategies predominantly with the human resources as well as the marketing. Operational strategy should help in maintaining the internal consistency of the firm. Commonly, operational strategy is important in two ways in the order to contribute in the achievement of the business goals and advancing in the competitive environment. First the operational strategy can be the centre for the implementation of the business strategy. According to this approach, operation will help in fitting the strategy properly so as to focus in the efforts and resources, so that the designed strategy will work properly. Secondly, in this approach the operational competences are viewed as the prior skill, which are to be used properly so as to form new chances in new spaces. Here the contribution of the operations would be extending to the planning sections. Strategic Management The strategic management deals with paying attention to the analysis of the business environments and framing the strategies related to the changes in business environment. Strategic management is related to the concept of strategic planning as well as strategic thinking. Strategic planning is an analytical method which refers to the framing procedures for the production of data and its analysis is used for strategic thinking, which after synthesis results in the formation of strategy. Mostly strategic management includes two processes: Formulation: This formulation includes the analysis of the market environment of the organization, and then formation of a strategy for the decisions about the completion of the company. Formation of a competitive strategy includes mostly four elements: strength and weakness of the company, personal values, and expectations of society. The environmental analysis includes the following elements: Pestle analysis: This analysis is an agenda used in the examination of the factors of the external environment affecting the function of the organization. Industrial environment: The analysis of the industrial environment is done by Porters Five Forces Analysis process. This framework helps in the analysis of the rival competitors and attracting the market. It determines to portrait the portfolio of the contributions the organisation about what it is offering and in which markets it is offering. Relation between external and internal environment: This analysis is done with the help of the Swot analysis framework which relates and examines both the internal elements as well as the external elements of the organization. Internal elements include Strengths and Weakness and external elements include Opportunities and Threats. Decisions about strategy: This is based on the environmental assessment vision and responses of the strategy. Implementation: The second process is implementation of the strategy which includes decisions about the alignment of the resources, its mobility towards the objective of the organizations. The result of the implementation of the strategy is structured organizations resources, leadership measures, communications, monitoring the progress and incentives. Evaluation And Control Evaluating the strategy of the organization and controlling its results are very essential. To achieve this goal, following activities are involved: Establishment of the performance of the targets, Standards, and limits of tolerance of the objectives. Measurement of the performance of the target in a given time and if the results are not satisfactory then instructions should be provided to the managers so as to take required actions. Analysis of the results and the difference of the results from the expected. Modification should be done whenever and wherever required. Analysis of Strategic Operation Management of Jaguar Jaguar Land Rover is a Britain based company which is the combination of two great cars and designs and manufactures in UK. It is taken over by the Indian company Tata Motors in 2008. It is a merger of two car companies Jaguar and Land Rover, having a combined strategy for their vehicles and innovations and also due to the merger they had a great success. The management consists of many experienced managers for manufacturing and quality sections who decided to relocated from UK to India so as to monitor the operations in different parts of world including Pakistan, Malaysia, Kenya and Turkey (Jaguarlandrover.com, 2016). Corporate Strategy and Strategic Operations Management Corporate Strategy determines about the business the company should be in how to assign resources to the business and between different businesses. This is a management of top level, highly influenced by the stakeholders and keeps a goal of guiding strategically the decision making of the organization (Hitt, etal., 2009). Next is the Business Strategy which totally is about the way an organization competes successfully in a decided market. It deals with the decision made in choice of the products, achieving the customers demands, leading the competitors and new opportunities creation etc. Figure 2: Levels of Strategy The last level is the Functional level of strategy is a level of individual functions which deals with how each and every function affects the strategy and what should be their strategic objectives. The aim of the strategic operations management is to ensure that all the operations department of the company who has completed the operations strategy are linked to other strategies of the company Jaguar Land Rover Jaguar Land Rover has a corporate strategy which is stated as Transforming our products and our business operations through environmental innovation, investing in our people, advancing knowledge and supporting worldwide (Duysters, et al., 2009: 325-349). The two important strategies for sustenance adopted by Jaguar Land Rover and those are responsibility for environment and global social responsibility till 2020 (Aswathappa., 2009). Environmental responsibility is termed as a long term goal for the growth of the sustainability, after the growth, turn comes for products and business operations which are derivative of the innovation to produce sustainable products and manufacturing solutions. All these will result in the growth and benefit of the company (Eniang., 2008). To achieve the environmental goals some important objectives are set by the company like reduction of the emission of the CO2 gas, products which will not affect the life cycle and many more. In accordance to the achievement of goals for the sustainable business operations, leadership is introduced in the operations as well as supply chain management. The main responsibility of the company is to generate opportunities by keeping an aim for new and talented skills for future communities all over the world. The objectives set are improvement in the performance and nature of talent, development of communities, supporting the global communities and so on (Yohannes., 2013). The two main issues those influence the sustenance strategy to a height are the issues related to the stakeholders and how the company will give its best to the global trends and where its impact will be the highest. Strategy After so many successful years of acquiring JLR, Ford started struggling to make money in the market and its Premier Automobile Group started to be disbanded. To save the company from being bankrupt the management decided to sell the company and then it is taken over by the Tata Motors of India. the deal took a lot of time to be completed, as even after the announcement of the agreement it became difficult to get the regulatory approval as the company was inextricably linked with Ford. So to ease the offering of the deal, Ford keep on supplying powertrains and other components to the company and also the Blue Oval decided to keep on offering the RD, back office and finance help to the company. From the above discussion about JLR, it can be concluded that JLR is the worlds largest car manufacturer. Its high level of quality and luxury shows the advantage of its competition as its choice of the sustainability strategy is remarkable when it comes to the case of stakeholders and needs of the customers. The strategy is not only for the product but also for the passion as well as the responsibility for the environment and the society. In the name of brighter, beautiful and responsible future, the company acknowledges two paths, one for the environmental responsibility and the other for the social responsibility. With the help of the CSR program, the company invested a lot to produce well trained, educated employees with advanced innovative skills. The supply chain management have decided to use the renewable energy more and more so as to increase the efficiency of energy with less wastage of water which will also lead to the decrease in solid waste in a logistic way. Conclusion From the above discussion we came to know about the strategy, manufacturing strategy and how it is related to the operational management and the strategic operation management. After that we came to know about the strategic operational management of Jaguar Land Rover. From all the above four definitions it can be concluded that a strategy is the way to help the company to increase the performance which always includes formation and set up of goals and plans action for achieving those goals. The capabilities of the firm should make the firm capable of competing with other firms in this highly competitive world. Along with the main motive of the strategy, there are also some small motives which include making all the employees to participate in each and every part of the strategy. Manufacturing strategy consists of the structural/infrastructure parts which also include capability of quality, manufacturing, skills audits, inventory management, innovation and requirements of investment. Formation of a strategy for operations that constitutes a share of the overall strategy formed for the business can also play an important role in uniting the whole organization. Strategic planning is an analytical method which refers to the framing procedures for the production of data and its analysis is used for strategic thinking, which after synthesis results in the formation of strategy. After so many merits there are also some limitations: It is known that the strategies of all the sections are focused on the development of the company, setting goals, accomplishing it and guiding for the environmental issues, but there are also some issues which the strategies cannot touch. The strategies are formed by keeping the wellbeing of time but it may occur that initially it keeps matching but later dont. Therefore it can be stated that a managerial strategic plan can fail in dynamic situation. One more demerit is that the strategies of a company have limited scope, so the objective pursued by organizations has limited scope. If proper guidance is not given then this may affect the performance of the company as it will restrict the working capability of the employees by its rules and regulations. References Ahmed, A.M. and Abdalla, H.S., 2000. Beyond competition: A framework for the 21st century. International journal of production research, 38(15), pp.3677-3709. Atsiaya, S.A., 2013. Operations strategy and firm-level competitiveness among savings and credit co-operative societies in Nairobi County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Aswathappa, K., 2009. Essentials of business environment. Himalaya Publishing House. Brown, S., Bessant, J.R. and Lamming, R., 2013. Strategic operations management. Routledge. Cantamessa, M. and Montagna, F., 2016. The Many Approaches to Innovation Strategy. In Management of Innovation and Product Development (pp. 87-114). Springer London. Child, J., Faulkner, D. and Tallman, S.B., 2005. Cooperative strategy. Oxford University Press, USA Duysters, G., Jacob, J., Lemmens, C. and Jintian, Y., 2009. Internationalization and technological catching up of emerging multinationals: a comparative case study of China's Haier group. Industrial and corporate change, 18(2), pp.325-349. .Eniang, E.A., 2008. Emerging trends and threats of climate changeimplications and amelioration strategies for sustainable protected areas management in Western Africa?. Section 1: Climate change and the energy crisis. Hooley, G.J., Saunders, J.A. and Piercy, N., 2004. Marketing strategy and competitive positioning. Pearson Education. Jaguarlandrover.com. (2016). English | Jaguar Land Rover Corporate Website. [online] Available at: https://www.jaguarlandrover.com/gl/en/ [Accessed 14 Jul. 2016]. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2009. Competitiveness and Globalization. Okoye, H.N., 2016. Impact of Corporate Policy and Strategic Planning on the Performance of Nigerian Commercial Banks (Doctoral dissertation). Porter, M.E., 2008. Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. Simon and Schuster. Steiner, G.A., 2010. Strategic planning. Simon and Schuster. Ward, P.T., Bickford, D.J. and Leong, G.K., 1996. Configurations of manufacturing strategy, business strategy, environment and structure. Journal of management, 22(4), pp.597-626. Yohannes, M., Comparison and analysis of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports of the top five companies ranked on the 2013 CSR RepTrak.

Triclosan Essay free essay sample

Weren’t anti-microbial agents considered safe for humans to use and not suppose to be harmful in nature? In recent studies, triclosan, an antibacterial compound is shown to be a harmful agent to humans rather than being helpful in keeping bacterial illnesses away. Presently, antimicrobials agents triclosan and triclocarban are examples of widely used antimicrobials agents in personal care products in United States and many other countries worldwide1. Triclosan is a 2,4,4- tricholoro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether and triclocarbon is a 3,4,4 – trichlorocarbanilide organic compound. One of the more common antimicrobial agents used in many househould products each year, triclosan is a synthetic, lipid-soluble, broad spectrum anti-microbial agent that was first used in health care setting in 1972 and then used in the toothpaste making industry in 1985 in Europe 2. From then onwards, triclosan has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in personal care products, household items, and in hospital settings to control the spread of bacterial illnesses in medical devices 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Triclosan Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition to FDA approving the use of triclosan as an over the counter drug for use in personal items and household items, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also regulates triclosan as an anti-microbial agent for the protection of polymers and plastics. However, recent studies prove that anti-microbial agent triclosan is turning to be more harmful than beneficial to humans even though it is effective with high efficacy levels in its mechanisms of action by inhibiting bacterial growth. The word â€Å"anti-microbial† has an automatic positive connotation and can also be seen as a misnomer because of the negative effects it has on the human population rather than promoting good health. In the United States, studies prove that triclosan is known for its high anti-microbial effectiveness and is readily available over the counter drug for personal use approved by FDA and EPA. The FDA regulates triclosan by making it readily available drug for use in hand soaps, deodorants, toothpaste, laundry detergents, fabric softeners, facial tissues, and antiseptics for wound care and medical devices. In addition, not knowing its possible harmful effects, FDA approved the usage of 0. 3% triclosan in Colgate Total toothpaste to prevent gingivitis tooth infection and cavities in humans in 1997 2 . Furthermore, triclosan is also used to control the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitals and in surgical clothing and sutures to prevent bacterial colonization of the surgical wounds2. Because of the usage of triclosan in the household and care products, human population can get direct exposure to triclosan through ingestion or dermal contact, spread in the environment which can lead to dangerous and harmful environment. Studies show triclosan deposits are found in finished drinking water, surface water, wastewater, wild fish, and in environmental sediments in some of the states around the United States2. The studies proved that mechanisms of action of triclosan are efficient in inhibiting the growth of bacteria by intercalating into the bacterial membranes and disrupting the membrane activities of the bacteria. In addition, triclosan inhibits the enoyl-reductase of type II fatty acid synthase involving in the bacteria’s lipid biosynthesis2. Triclosan is known to be more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria with being highly effective against Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, triclosan acts as a bacteriostatic at lower doses in any substance and bactericidal at higher doses. When acting as a bactericidal, triclosan acts against many different targets including the cell membrane and can act as an anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-malarial2. According to Fang et al. , the mechanisms of actions of triclosan in different household items proven by the American Medical Association in 2002 determined that triclosan containing soaps were efficacious. However, the research study found that triclosan does not reduce the bacterial counts on hands to a greater extent than a plain soap without any anti-microbial agent unless triclosan is added in high concentrations which then can be more harmful to humans than safe. In addition, an inner city study collected data for one-year period and concluded that there was no statistical difference between the use of â€Å"anti-microbial† household items like detergents and soaps compared to the use of identical products without anti-microbial agents in the household items. Studies examining the usage of triclosan in dentrifices concluded that persons using dentrifice with triclosan in it had 27% less plaque than individuals using dentrifices without triclosan2. However, the same study revealed that dentrices with combination of triclosan and zinc citrate were not effective against plaque or gingivitis2. Additionally, in a study that evaluated the efficacy of triclosan in sutures indicated that sutures with triclosan produced a 3-log reduction in the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in guinea pigs and 1-log reduction in the growth of E-coli bacteria in mice compared to sutures without triclosan2. Other examples include comparison of an anti-bacterial toothbrush containing triclosan-coated tufts with a regular toothbrush without triclosan which also did prove to not inhibit the bacterial growth on the anti-bacterial toothbrush2. It is noted that triclosan does inhibit the growth of bacteria; however the difference between using an anti-microbial household item and a regular household cleaning item is not much in terms of being safe from the bacterial illnesses. For example, it can be seen in the above paragraph that soaps that contain triclosan have not been proven to be more effective in preventing normal household illnesses than ordinary soap. Currently, research shows triclosan can be toxic and get into the circulation system of humans via absorption through the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract after oral exposure, through the skin, and through the mucosal tissues. It can act as a selective inhibitor of the glucuronidation and sulfonation of phenolic xenobiotics in human liver as well2. Triclosan is a slow binding inhibitor of human type I fatty acid synthase and is shown to inhibit cell growth of SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells3. Studies with P. aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and S. ureus showed that triclosan acts on a bacterial target in the bacterial fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, NADH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase or in homolog InhA in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis4. Triclosan can form a stable ternary complex through interactions with amino acid residues of the active enzyme site and can act as a site-directed inhibitor of the enoyl protein reductase. In addition to these detrimental effects that can cause toxicity in humans or triclosan resistance, high concentrations of triclosan in anti-microbial products can also cause cell lysis through the inhibition of lipid, RNA, and rotein synthesis4. Toxicity of triclosan depends on the route of administration with intravenous administration through mucosal tissues showing the greatest degree of toxicity which might lead to dangerous side effects. For example, the study by Fang et al showed that through dermal route, the human participants had edema and dermal erythema as a side effect of triclosan in palomolive soap2. Additionally, the increased use of anti-bacterial in household products has been linked to increased allergies in children. Further studies specific to triclosan have shown that it affects reproduction in lab animals, produces toxic chemicals such as dioxin and chloroform when it reacts with other chemicals like the chlorine in water and the worse effect of causing cancer in human population3. A study by British researchers found that triclosan has estrogenic and androgenic hormone properties and exposure could potentially contribute to breast cancer1. Thus, there are many proven studies that explain the dangers of using excessive triclosan amounts in househould products and should be avoided if possible. In addition to triclosan causing known harmful systematic and environmental side effects, the problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance is also a result of long antibiotic use that has been studied for long by researchers. Triclosan’s increase in creating more potent strains of bacteria can lead to increasing antibacterial resistance which is a contributing factor to many household illnesses because of usage of â€Å"anti-bacterial† household products. This is due to the fact that triclosan kills most of the colonies of bacteria that it encounters and bacteria that survive become harder to kill increasing the bacterial resistance. It is evident that bacteria use different mechanisms to develop resistance to any biocide. Thus, the problem of bacteria becoming resistance to triclosan through target mutations, active efflux and degradative enzymes is on the rise presently. For example, in a laboratory study with triclosan to study target mutation, scientists showed that fabI mutations caused cross-resistance with other antimicrobial agents in E-coli. Thus, certain biocides share targets with antibiotics and greater use of biocide will select resistance against useful drugs like tricosan4. Continuing, triclosan resistance in M. megmatis and M. tuberculosis caused resistance to isoniazid which is a drug used to treat the tuberculosis infections4. Another mechanism of triclosan resistance is the efflux from the bacterial cell. Bacteria express efflux pumps in the nodulation cell division family, the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), the small multidrug resistance family (SMR), the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family and the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family4. Schweizer also demonstrated that all of the family transporters catalyze the drug efflux through the required energy in the form of ATP and proton motive force4. Finally, the most recent studies have two findings that conclud that triclosan and antibiotic resistance are connected to each other. First, triclosan and antibiotics share multidrug efflux systems as a mechanism of resistance and select similar mutations in regulatory loci as a mechanism of resistance. Second, M. tuberculosis regulating mutation leading to isoniazid resistance was also seen in triclosan resistance4. In conclusion, since both triclosan and antibiotics are linked, it is possible that widespread use of triclosan in many household products may lead to antibiotic resistance and triclosan resistance. Antibacterial resistance is not the only health concern associated with triclosan. Studies have proven recently that the increased use of antibacterials with triclosan in household products can be dangerous and more harmful than beneficial because not only triclosan can affect systemic routes or can contribute to bacterial resistance; it also poses a threat to the environment. It is toxic to algae and accumulates in fish. This major issue is becoming larger as many products that contain triclosan are now washing down into the water systems, making triclosan a common contaminant of streams and rivers. Thus, causing a bioaccumulation of triclosan in organisms in water and spreading through aquatic and terrestrial food webs. In addition, triclosan also has been found in blood, urine sample and in breast milk of humans around the world1. While public who uses triclosan products daily have higher levels of the chemical in their systems, consumers who do not use triclosan on their skin are exposed to the chemical through food, water and through the usage of household products.

Free Essays on When Jesus Came The Corn Mothers Went Away

In 1519, Hernando Cortà ©z, a Spanish Conquistador and explorer sailed west from the already settled island of Cuba. He arrived on the coast of Mexico. He and his troops hiked for days until they reached a valley where they discovered the beautiful Aztec Empire. Cortà ©z and his men eventually conquered and destroyed the Aztec Empire, taking away all its riches. On the ruins of the empire Cortà ©z began a new city named Mexico. This city became the center of government for a new Spanish colony. The Spaniards’ next goal was to find another Mexico City - a "new" Mexico. They hoped to find another Indian Empire full of gold and precious stones like the Aztec Empire. In the late 1520’s, Alvar Nuà ±ez Cabeza de Vaca was shipwrecked off the coast of Texas. Knowing that Cortà ©z had established Mexico City, Cabeza de Vaca and his men marched south. Cabeza de Vaca had three other men with him, two Spaniards, and one black slave named Estevanico. The three men finally reached Mexico City and told of the places they had seen along the way. So much land north! They were sure they had just missed finding another large empire. Soon a journey north was organized. Estevanico and Fray Marcos de Niza, a priest, were the first to journey north. They took with them some Indian servants. After passing the Arizona desert Estevanico and Fray Marcos split up. Estevanico reached a place called Cibola and the Indian town called Hawikuh (an area in west New Mexico). "In May of 1539, as preparations were being made to call the Katsina to bring rain, the Zuni warriors of Hawikuh spotted a black Katsina approaching from the west. The Katsina was unlike any they had seen before". The people of Hawikuh thought Estevanico was a god. They showered him with gifts in hope of gaining his blessings. It was figured, by an elder, that Estevanico was not a god, but an enemy. He must have been one of the men whom they heard about years before. He was one... Free Essays on When Jesus Came The Corn Mothers Went Away Free Essays on When Jesus Came The Corn Mothers Went Away In 1519, Hernando Cortà ©z, a Spanish Conquistador and explorer sailed west from the already settled island of Cuba. He arrived on the coast of Mexico. He and his troops hiked for days until they reached a valley where they discovered the beautiful Aztec Empire. Cortà ©z and his men eventually conquered and destroyed the Aztec Empire, taking away all its riches. On the ruins of the empire Cortà ©z began a new city named Mexico. This city became the center of government for a new Spanish colony. The Spaniards’ next goal was to find another Mexico City - a "new" Mexico. They hoped to find another Indian Empire full of gold and precious stones like the Aztec Empire. In the late 1520’s, Alvar Nuà ±ez Cabeza de Vaca was shipwrecked off the coast of Texas. Knowing that Cortà ©z had established Mexico City, Cabeza de Vaca and his men marched south. Cabeza de Vaca had three other men with him, two Spaniards, and one black slave named Estevanico. The three men finally reached Mexico City and told of the places they had seen along the way. So much land north! They were sure they had just missed finding another large empire. Soon a journey north was organized. Estevanico and Fray Marcos de Niza, a priest, were the first to journey north. They took with them some Indian servants. After passing the Arizona desert Estevanico and Fray Marcos split up. Estevanico reached a place called Cibola and the Indian town called Hawikuh (an area in west New Mexico). "In May of 1539, as preparations were being made to call the Katsina to bring rain, the Zuni warriors of Hawikuh spotted a black Katsina approaching from the west. The Katsina was unlike any they had seen before". The people of Hawikuh thought Estevanico was a god. They showered him with gifts in hope of gaining his blessings. It was figured, by an elder, that Estevanico was not a god, but an enemy. He must have been one of the men whom they heard about years before. He was one...

5 Things You Should Never Put on Your Resume

5 Things You Should Never Put on Your Resume We all know how crucial a resume can be. It’s the document that gets you past the computer, through the door, into the interview. And you can’t get the job without getting through those stages. You’ve added in all the things you’ve been told are resume must-haves, but have you considered there might be a few things you should take out of your resume? Here are 5Â  things that you should delete from your resume as soon as possible. 1. ObjectiveThe Objective statement has gone the way of the dodo. To avoid being hopelessly retro, take it out. Your Objective statement probably just says that you’re looking for a challenging position in a great and growing company anyway, right? That tells the recruiter nothing whatsoever, and it undoubtedly also bores them. A Summary statement is much more effective. If you don’t have one, sub one in for your Objective. Either way, delete the Objective part.2. Laundry listDo you have a section where you merely l ist all of your skills and the key- or buzzwords you were told were must-haves for computer screening? The trouble with these sections is that a) they are usually unreadable by the very computer programs they’re aimed toward enticing, and b) this is a very transparent ploy. Throwing a bunch of keywords at a recruiter won’t convince them. Thread those keywords through the body of your resume text instead.3. Page 2Except in very specific contexts in very specific careers, a second page is never a good idea. You can probably expect that no one else but you will ever bother reading your second page. Better to edit your brains out, pack the first page full of your greatest hits and most impressive skills and work experience, and save the tree.4. Fancy formattingAgain, unreadable to most employers–especially if you’re uploading to a computer system. Anything that isn’t plain text will be scrapped. That includes text boxes, tables, bulleted lists, swanky fonts, page borders, etc. Save the creativity for the wording of your cover letter, or the interview process. Keep your resume clean, standard, and simple.5. HobbiesIt used to be in vogue to include a section on personal interests and hobbies. Unless you can make a case that these have some impact on your qualifications or work performance, skip this section- usually it ends up on page 2 anyway! Save your personal flourishes for the interview, when such things can really liven the conversation and help you shine.

International Marketing Plan Part 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Marketing Plan Part 3 - Assignment Example The number of skating companies in the last couple of years has increased and it is expected that there will be new entrants in future as well (Bennett and Blythe, 2002). The biggest competitors in the skating industry are Rollerblade, Roces, Solomon and K2 and almost all of them make sure that they are available in all leading stores. International Skating will enter the market by supplying its products to the skate shops that sell the skates and its accessories in the specialty stores. Since its competitors are making sure that they are available in all the large chain stores which are the discount distributors as well. All the three products i.e. Skate Aids, Blade Boots and Skate Sails will be available in all the specialty stores. The reason for choosing the specialty stores is that the target market of Skate Aids is basically the premium market and they will go to these specialty stores to buy these exclusive products. Alongwith these skates, they will be able to buy other accessories as well and make huge amount of profit as well. Hence, this distribution policy will help the company in gaining the competitive edge. It is already mentioned in the marketing strategy that the company is focusing on the target market that is comprised of health and fitness, recreational and speed skaters. Since the company is targeting all the three sectors and has also developed in accordance with their requirements, it is expected that the company will be able to gain 80% of the market share. The competitive edge that the company has over its competitors is that it will offer product ranges within the reasonable price range so that the skaters can enjoy the most thrilling and exciting skating experience of their lives. The key target market can be said as the one that is trying to remain fit and health and for that they are looking for appropriate alternative to exercise. Since skating is one of the most exciting and thrilling sports, it is now the

Results of the Crusades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Results of the Crusades - Essay Example However, the main motivation behind the crusade of Muslims was the urge to spread their religion all over the world. This Muslim crusade started even before the crusade of Christianity in Europe. For instance, many Muslim clerics, scholars and activists were indulged in the crusade of Islamic group. The Christianity crusade was a failure and it weakened the position of Pope as a religious leader. The crusade degraded the strength of feudal nobility and decreased the power of kings of Europe. The Byzantine Empire was weakened by the fall of Constantinople and many knights got killed in the crusade. However in the crusade, the Chrisitans got advantages from the trade side. Due to crusade Europeans could avail themselves of cloth, spices and fruits from South Asian countries. This aspect was a benefit to both Muslim and Christians. According to the historical records, Islamic and Christian crusade fall on equal stands in regard to their benefit. However Islamic crusade success was very high compared to Christianity crusade because the war worn out empires of Byzantines and Persia was in power vaccum and Islam won these regions with less

Configure Basic Security Controls on a Fedora Linux Server Essay Example for Free

Configure Basic Security Controls on a Fedora Linux Server Essay 1. What is GRUB and why is it important to lock it down? a. GRUB is a bootloader. It is very important to lock this down because of the high access to the kernel and how important aspects can be modified on the fly at any time during the boot up process because it is unprotected by password. 2. Discuss the purpose of granting â€Å"sudo† access. Why is it a good idea not to log in as a root user? a. It gives the person access using the sudo access, superuser capability and allows them to run programs with the security privileges of such. This can cause instability of the kernel or in the hands of a skilled individual compromise the system. 3. If a file is set with the immutable flag, what security controls does this provide for the file? a. Immutable permissions designation prevents a file from being changed, even by someone with root level access. 4. Why do you get a blank window when trying to edit grub with â€Å"vi†? a. You need the correct permissions, or the file has been moved so it is loading nothing. 5. How do you know when you log in as root? a. Terminal prompt goes from [[emailprotected] ~]$ to [[emailprotected] username]# 6. What command do you need to use to install vim? a. apt-get install vim 7. What is iptables and how does this help harden the Fedora Linux Server? a. Iptables is like a rule set or chain of rules. You can use it to basically build a firewall. 8. Why is it important to configure and enable iptables on your Fedora Linux Server? a. To help secure a Linux server that is connected to the internet. 9. What is the difference between the commands ‘cat’ and ‘less’? a. The ‘cat’ command will list everything in a file and it has the capability to merge files. Less will view the contents of a file one page at a time waiting for the user to continue. 10. What is the difference between ‘setfacl’ and ‘getfacl’? How can â€Å"setfacl† help achieve security hardening? a. setfacl set file access control lists. getfacl get file access control lists. Setfacl is used to set up ACL (Access Control Lists). The usage of ACLs offers mechanisms for setting up per-user-permissions of single filesystem objects and provides fine-grained definitions of access restrictions.

Abortion is a Choice Essays -- Papers Argumentative Pro-choice Life Es

Abortion is a Choice Abortion is a very controversial issue that has been continually argued over the past few years and will continue for years to come. Before I get into the sides of abortion we must first define abortion. Abortion is the destruction of the fetus, or unborn child while the child is still in the mother's womb. There are two sides to this abortion topic. The Pro-life which is those who are against abortion altogether and the Pro-choice those who believe it is the women's right to choose if she wants to have an abortion. Personally, I am Pro-choice and I believe there are many clear-cut reasons to why I take this stand. In my paper I will support my position with facts about abortion, and areas where Pro-life imply that those in support of a woman's right to choose abortion are killers--meaning "anti-life," which is altogether untrue. First off I want to state that for a quarter of a century millions of women have grown up under the protection of "Roe vs. Wade," secure in the knowledge that freedom to choose is a fundamental American value, and a constitutionally protected right. Although some oppose abortion, it may be due to either lack of knowledge, or that opponents of abortion rights claim that over 90% of all abortions are used as a substitute for a contraceptive (Quick Facts). Abortionists exclude from this definition that only some of those performed are because of a woman's life in danger, there is severe fatal deformity, or because the pregnancy was a result of rape or incest. Implying women in general are irresponsible and those who would choose abortion do so, with out carefully considering the impact of their decisions upon themselves and their families. A reason to why I am Pro-choice... ...he bible. Well what about other religions? What if a person doesn't even know of GOD, or believe in them? Does this mean that they are going to go to heaven and hell, when they don't even know what heaven and hell are? I feel that the decision of abortion must remain within the individual, and should be made on the basis of values and personal religious principles, whether they choose to include religion or not, and should remain free from political interference. In conclusion, the issue of abortion continues to be discussed, debated, and even unfortunately, blow out of proportion. In hopes of settling this controversial issue, I've given my knowledge and beliefs on the matter. Getting across my main points, that it is the women's right to choose if she wants to have an abortion, and that Pro-life imply a lot of misimpressions to society which are untrue.

Bad Samarians

Ha-Joon Chang is a Cambridge heterodox economist, who specializes in development economics and the abject poverty of the Third World countries. Trained at the University of Cambridge, he has served as a consultant to the World Bank, the European Investment Bank, and various United Nations agencies. Since 1992 he has also served on the editorial board of the Cambridge Journal of Economics, he is the author and contributor of many researches in economics.The objective of this essay – to review his views described in his controversial new book â€Å"Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism,† and to compare it with the more traditional views where it possible. Bad Samaritans Mostly in his book Ha-Joon Chang appeals to his opponents, orthodox economists, and generalists in particular. Ha-Joon Chang has wide personal experience because he was born in the country that was one of the poorest on Earth that time. The new book starts with the des cription of economic downturn in Korea after the Korean War.It is hard to believe, but the famous Samsung Company that time was subsidized by sugar refining and textile enterprises. Another big company, Pohang Iron and Steel Co. , or POSCO, which now is the third largest steel company in the world, was state-owned and couldn’t get the support from the World Bank. Analyzing the development of other economics in the 1960s, the author notices that Japanese government refused to follow the politics of free trade that time and this decision had a positive impact on Japanese car manufacturing industry.In other case modern famous Japanese companies could be the filials of Western companies, and nothing more. This thonking leads the reader to the concept of what Ha-Joon Chang calls the â€Å"Bad Samaritans. † As the author described, â€Å"people in the rich countries who preach free markets and free trade to the poor countries in order to capture larger shares of the latterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s markets and preempt the emergence of possible competitors. They are saying ‘do as we say, not as we did’ and act as Bad Samaritans, taking advantage of others who are in trouble.† Chang divides â€Å"Bad Samaritans† into two groups: first are the leaders working in the â€Å"unholy trinity† of global financial organizations: World Bank, World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund, and second are the ideologues – â€Å"those who believe in Bad Samaritan policies because they think those policies are ‘right,’ not because they personally benefit from them much, if at all. † The common feature of both groups is the adherence to a doctrine called â€Å"neoliberalism†, which is dominating in the global economy from 1970s till nowadays.The worst in this doctrine, according the opinion of the author, is the fact that those countries that propagate this doctrine all over the world reject its implementati on in their own economical systems. The key characteristics of neoliberalistic economics were called â€Å"Golden Straitjacket,† which is the only root to economic success according its advocates, like â€Å"unholy trinity†. They actively implement this economic policy in poor and developing countries.As it known from the Nobel-awarded researchers of orthodox economists, the Golden Straitjacket policy struggle for trade liberalization, reducing corruption and state bureaucracy, privatization of state-owned enterprises and pensions, balancing the national budget, intellectual rights protection and other trends and policies which are intended to guarantee the stable economic growth. In real life the implementation of these policies in developing countries leads to creation of economical dependence from global financial organizations.At the same time the most developed countries don’t implement the Golden Straitjacket policy. Ha-Joon Chang writes: â€Å"Practicall y all of today’s developed countries, including Britain and the US, the supposed homes of the free market and free trade, have become rich on the basis of policy recipes that go against neo-liberal economics. † Rich countries protect their manufacturer from the foreign investments and use subsidies and protections to protect their industries. The WTO sanctions are considered by rich countries as the lesser evil.Chang enumerates prominent men from different countries whose economic solutions became the basis of their countries flourishing. All of them struggled for the development of the national production and used protectionists’ politics. Chang notices out that nowadays the most developed countries do the same, especially the USA. He claims the Third World War has already begun and the USA tries to maintain its position as global hegemon. There are already conquered sides in this war, and one of them is the African countries. As the result of neoliberalism poli cy,The living standards in Africa are falling within the recent thirty years, because IMF and World Bank run most of African economies virtually. All the features of neoliberalizm described above were implemented in African countries. As the result the struggle with corruption ruined the system of communities existed before, the struggle with bureaucracy left courtiers without the perfect executive power branch, the intellectual property protection prevented the development of sciences, and pension privatization left the elder people to the poverty.Chang criticizes the struggle with the corruption because, according his words, â€Å"Most of today’s rich countries successfully industrialized despite the fact that their own public life was spectacularly corrupt. † Another object of sharp critics of the author is the concept of cultural influence on the economical performance of the country. The popular idea tells that the culture if the country defined the business metho ds of its people and thus their economic success. First this idea is an intolerant and chauvinists’ one, second, cultural differenced fail be the main explanation for economic success.He claims that the culture of the country is the result of economical development and not the cause. Using the chapters describing the mechanisms of economical development in different countries Chang proves that cultural explanation is just the screen to mask the real reason: the richest countries are afraid of competitors from below and do their best to annihilate the possible competition in the moment of origin. Generally, Chang writes, the policy of protectionism is absolutely normal, because it exists for ages. The problem is in hypocrisy surrounding â€Å"free trade†.According to Chang, â€Å"Belief in the virtue of free trade is so central to the neo-liberal orthodoxy that it is effectively what defines a neo-liberal economist. You may question (if not totally reject) any other el ement of the neo-liberal agenda—open capital markets, strong patents, or even privatization—and still stay in the neo-liberal church. However, once you object to free trade, you are effectively inviting ex-communication. † Analyzing the existing situation on the global market, Chang concludes that the golden straitjacket fits the healthy countries only.This policy allows production distribution between countries, and poor countries are forces to specialize in the sector s that â€Å"offer low productivity growth and thus low growth in living standards. This is why so few countries have succeeded with free trade, while most successful countries have used infant industry protection to one degree or another. † Thus, the free trade, according the Chang, is a fiction and the tool for rich countries and â€Å"unholy trinity† for redistribution of wealth. ConclusionThe views of Ha-Joon Chang to the development of global economy nowadays are contradictory a nd don’t correspond to the mainstream in the economical science. However there are many writers and scientists with the same mind who share Chang’s ideas that the ideology of free trade and its implementation are two different things, and the first of them can be used as the powerful tool of economical influence. Reference Ha-Joon Chang. 2007. Bad Samaritans:The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism. Bloomsbury Press

Gwen Harwood “Sharpness of Death” and “At Mornington” Essay

Through a critical study of Gwen Harwood’s poetry, the responder’s personal response has a significant effect on their judgement towards her poetry. In The Sharpness of Death, Harwood explores the inexplicable link between life and death, as well as the value of memories in response to the inevitable passing of time. Similarly in At Mornington, Harwood accentuates the value of appreciating life to overpower death and the importance of memories to lessen the effects of time passing. These aspects, which reoccur throughout Harwood’s poetry are universal, timeless, and prevalent to human existence and society. As a result, Harwood’s poetry has been able to endure varying contexts and continue to captive and create meaning for readers. The varying interpretations of Harwood’s work influence the judgement of responders to both the individual poems, and Harwood’s poetry as a whole. The Sharpness of Death explores differing perspectives on death and its irrefutable link with life, encouraging contemporary readers to question their value of death and develop a judgement on the poem and Harwood’s poetry as a whole. Part one of the poem establishes the personas desire to bargain with death, through the demanding tone that is used to address it, â€Å"Leave me alone.† For the contemporary reader, this highlights the desperation to evade death, something many modern responders are able to identify with. As the poem continues, Harwood renders the philosophers attempts to undermine death through analysis, as meaningless. The use of the oxymoron â€Å"complex logic,† highlights the futility of this act, suggesting that death cannot be explained, only experienced. This challenges the value of attempting to understand death for the responder as even those considered the most intelligent living, cannot provide sufficient answers. As the poem continues, the importance of life, rather than explanations, to overcome death is explored. The personification of blossoms in the line, â€Å"blossoms to hold the light that’s gone,† highlights for responders that the beauty of life, as represented by the blossoms, needs to be appreciated and understood in order to come to terms with the darkness that comes after death. The  final part of the poem returns back to first person, giving the poem a cyclical nature, common in Harwood’s poetry. This depicts to audiences the cyclical nature of life and the subsequent inevitability of death. In the final two lines of the poem,â€Å"If I fall from that time, then set your teeth in me,† the negative imagery depicts the persona’s view that only when she has lost the fulfillment that comes with life, will she be able to accept death. This creates a positive judgement for the responder, depicting that their fear of death can subside if their life has been lived with joy. The exploration of the connection between life and death throughout The Sharpne ss of Death, encourages responders to challenge their perception on the connection between to two. The response of audiences towards The Sharpness of Death, brings up questions in relation to the value of memory in response to the passing of time, inevitably impacting upon the judgement of the contemporary reader. In the second part of the poem, â€Å"I hope he found some light beyond that field of black everlasting flowers,† the positive connotation of light highlights the power of memories in overcoming the darkness that is death. For responders, this leads them to accept that their memories are what will alleviate them from the effects of times passing. This image of black flowers is juxtaposed by the description of the Nasturitums in part three of the poem, â€Å"Purest of colours, how they shone.† The metaphor of the flowers depicts the power of positive memories to overcome struggles that have been faced as time has progressed. The personification of light where Harwood says, â€Å"light like a noble visitor stayed with us briefly and moved on,† emphasis es the power of memories which often fade as time goes on. This encourages the contemporary reader to consider what their prominent memories are and thus, consider how their perception of them has changed over time. The rhetorical question, â€Å"How would you ever know me now†¦unless I brought these flowers,† enhances the idea that it is remembered past experiences which enable us to draw a connection between the past and present. For the contemporary reader, this accentuates the value of memories in appreciating life, a consistent theme of Harwood’s throughout her poetry. The sexual imagery in the final part of the poem, â€Å"my tongue sang with his juices,† depicts the strong influence of memories in relation to love in giving power to accept death, when the  passing of time is over. This places death in perspective for responders, as being only one aspect of life, with memories and friendship enabling people to transcend it. Throughout The Sharpness of Death, Harwood’s exploration of the power of memor ies in accordance with the passing of time influences the responder’s perception to a large extent. The connection between life and death is further accentuated through Harwood’s poem, At Mornington, which, similarly to the The Sharpness of Death, challenges readers to develop a judgement towards this inexplicable connection. The first part of the poem depicts the fearlessness and uncertainty of childhood, deriving from a lack of understanding of death. In conjunction with this, the simile, â€Å"was caught by a wave and rolled like a doll among rattling shells,† suggests the powerlessness of the persona to control her direction in life, at a stage where there was no understanding of death. This concept has been experienced by an array of responders, and thus impacts upon their judgment to a large extent. The metaphor which Harwood uses to describe the graveyard the persona is standing in, â€Å"avenues of the dead,† emphasises that everything in life is temporary, with death being the only definitive part. This asserts to the contemporary reader that death doe s not need to be focused upon as it is certain. Therefore life which is temporary and changing, should be valued. In the second last stanza, â€Å"We have one day, only one, but more than enough to refresh us,† the repetition of one highlights the power of even a small part of life being able to assist in overcoming the struggle that thought of death places upon our existence. As the poem progresses, the persona is able to develop a changed perspective on death. The irony in the line, â€Å"at your side among the graves I think of death no more,† highlights the personas acceptance of the cycle of life as a result of the strong friendship they have developed, enticing readers to do the same. Water is used as a powerful motif throughout the poem, highlighting the persona’s acceptance of the inevitability of death, in particular, â€Å"waters that bear me away forever†. This encourages the contemporary reader to also accept this inevitability in order to appreciate their own life. The response of readers to the value of life in accepting death throughout At Mornington, h as a significant impact upon their opinion as it is a concept that is universally experienced and  understood. In accordance with The Sharpness of Death, Harwood’s At Mornington, encourages audiences to develop a judgement in regards to the value of memories in response to the passing of time. The poem begins with Harwood’s memory of her early childhood where she â€Å"leapt† from her father’s arms into the sea. The alliteration to introduce this, â€Å"They told me,† highlights her lack of personal memory of the uncertainty of her childhood and the need of others to reinforce this memory. For many responders, the uncertainty of their childhood was not realised until adulthood, allowing them to appreciate Harwood’s poetry as relevant to their lives. The high modality to describe her memory of believing she could walk on water, â€Å"Indeed I remember,† depicts the prominent memories of the innocent child. This brings responders to consider that while the memory of invincibility is strong, the sense of invincibility itself has been lost as time has progressed. The motif of water is also continued, this time referring to memories, â€Å"on what flood are they borne.† This metaphor highlights that memories are able to cross the boundaries of time, thus emphasising the importance of them to responders who are experiencing the effects of times passing. This motif is continued in the fourth stanza, â€Å"There is still some water left over.† This depicts to the contemporary reader that even when time seems to have reached it’s end, memories still retain the ability to bring back the sense of abatement attached with them. In the final stanza, the metaphor, â€Å"rolled in one grinding race of dreams, pain, memories, love and grief,† highlights that memories are attached to varying emotions and are apart of the race that is life, where the inevitable end is death. This causes readers to consider the importance of the varying memories within their life, to make the journey to the end worthwhile. Through the appreciation of memories in response to times passing throughout At Mornington, responders are able to identify with Harwood’s poetry and thus develop a significant association with it. Throughout Harwood’s poetry, in particular, The Sharpness of Death and At Mornington, a variety of universal and timeless concepts are explored, sparking varying responses from responders. In both these poems, the  connection between life and death, and the value of memories in response to the passing of time is explored. This exploration by Harwood is one that can be related to by a variety of readers, influencing these readers to a large extent, to develop a judgement towards Harwood’s poetry as a whole.

How to Write a Science Fair Project Report

How to Write a Science Fair Project Report Writing a science fair project report may seem like a challenging task, but it is not as difficult as it first appears. This is a format that you may use to write a science project report. If your project included animals, humans, hazardous materials, or regulated substances, you can attach an appendix that describes any special activities your project required. Also, some reports may benefit from additional sections, such as abstracts and bibliographies. You may find it helpful to fill out the science fair lab report template to prepare your report. Important: Some science fairs have guidelines put forth by the science fair committee or an instructor. If your science fair has these guidelines, be sure to follow them. Title:  For a science fair, you probably want a catchy, clever title. Otherwise, try to make it an accurate description of the project. For example, I could entitle a project, Determining Minimum NaCl Concentration That Can Be Tasted in Water.  Avoid unnecessary words, while covering the essential purpose of the project. Whatever title you come up with, get it critiqued by friends, family, or teachers.Introduction and Purpose:  Sometimes this section is called background. Whatever its name, this section introduces the topic of the project, notes any information already available, explains why you are interested in the project, and states the purpose of the project. If you are going to state references in your report, this is where most of the citations are likely to be, with the actual references listed at the end of the entire report in the form of a bibliography or reference section.The Hypothesis or Question:  Explicitly state your hypothesis or question.Materials and Meth ods:  List the materials you used in your project and describe the procedure that you used to perform the project. If you have a photo or diagram of your project, this is a good place to include it. Data and Results:  Data and results are not the same things. Some reports will require that they be in separate sections, so make sure you understand the difference between the concepts. Data refers to the actual numbers or other information you obtained in your project. Data can be presented in tables or charts, if appropriate. The results section is where the data is manipulated or the hypothesis is tested. Sometimes this analysis will yield tables, graphs, or charts, too. For example, a table listing the minimum concentration of salt that I can taste in water, with each line in the table being a separate test or trial, would be data. If I average the data or perform a statistical test of a null hypothesis, the information would be the results of the project.Conclusion:  The conclusion focuses on the hypothesis or  question as it compares to the data and results. What was the answer to the question? Was the hypothesis supported (keep in mind a hypothesis cannot be proved, onl y disproved)? What did you find out from the experiment? Answer these questions first. Then, depending on your answers, you may wish to explain the ways in which the project might be improved or introduce new questions that have come up as a result of the project. This section is judged not only by what you were able to conclude  but also by your recognition of areas where you could not draw valid conclusions based on your data. Appearances Matter Neatness counts, spelling counts, grammar counts. Take the time to make the report look nice. Pay attention to margins, avoid fonts that are difficult to read or are too small or too large, use clean paper, and make print the report cleanly on as good a printer or copier as you can.

Creating Learning Centers to Support Skills

Creating Learning Centers to Support Skills Learning Centers can be an important and fun part of your instructional environment and can supplement and support the regular curriculum. They create opportunities for collaborative learning as well as differentiation of instruction. A learning center is usually a place in the classroom designed for different tasks that students can complete in small groups or alone. When there are space constraints, you can use a display as a learning center with activities that children can take back to their desks. Organization and Administration Many primary classrooms have center time, when children move to a specific part of the classroom. There they can either choose which activity to pursue or rotate through all the centers. In intermediate or middle school classrooms, learning centers can follow completion of assigned work. Students can fill in checklists or pass books to show they have completed a required number of activities. Or, students can be rewarded for completed activities with a classroom reinforcement plan or token economy. In any case, be sure to have a record keeping system that is simple enough for the children can keep themselves. You can then monitor their progress with a minimum of attentionreinforcing their sense of responsibility. You might have monthly charts, where a monitor stamps completed activities for each learning center. You could cycle through monitors each week or have monitors for each specific center who stamps students passports. A natural consequence for children who abuse center time would be to require them to do alternate drill activities, like worksheets. Learning centers can support skills in the curriculumespecially mathand can broaden students understanding, or provide practice in reading, math or combinations of those things. Activities found in learning centers could include paper and pencil puzzles, art projects connected to a social studies or science theme, self correcting activities or puzzles, write on and erasable laminated board activities, games and even computer activities. Literacy Centers Reading and Writing Activities: There are lots of activities that will support instruction in literacy. Here are a few: Laminate a short story into a folder, and give prompts for students to respond.Laminate articles about popular television or music personalities, and have students answer Who, What, Where, When, How and Why questions.Make puzzles where students match initial letters and word family endings: example: t, s, m, g with the ending old. Math Activities: Puzzles matching problems and their answers.Color by number puzzles using math facts to come up with the numbers.Board games where students answer math facts on the spaces they hit.Measuring activities with scales, sand and different size measures such as cup, teaspoon, etc.Geometry activities where students make pictures with geometric shapes. Social Studies Activities: Combine literacy and social studies activities: Write and illustrate newspaper articles about: the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the discovery of America by Columbus, the election of Barack Obama.Matching card games: match pictures to names of historical figures, shapes of states to the names of states, capitals of states to the names of states.Board games based on historical eras, such as the civil war. You land on Battle of Gettysburg. If youre a Yankee, you go forward 3 steps. If youre a Rebel, you go back 3 steps. Science Activities: Centers based on the current content, say magnets or space.Place the planets correctly on a velcroed map.Demonstrations from the class that they can do in the center.

Establish a multistate specialty medical clinic Essay

Establish a multistate specialty medical clinic - Essay Example First and foremost, physicians and other trained personnel for instance doctors need to have a degree in their related field and approved by the medical practitioners association. Apparently, this is mandated to ensure the highest level of efficiency in healthcare provision. On the contrary, the licensing protocol may vary form one state to another depending on the laws of the particular state regarding healthcare. Actually, in our state, in in order to obtain a medicine practicing license one has to undergo an additional vetting board. Apparently, this is to ensure high quality of medical service provision. Notably, this is in contradiction with other states. Evidently, in order to be a medical doctor or doctor of osteopathy in this clinic, one must have a degree in medicine and surgery and a working experience of about two years. Moreover, for an advanced registered nurse practitioner, a degree in nursing and a working experience of one year is mandatory. Furthermore, for a physica l and occupational therapist, a degree in physical therapy and psychology is

An Option to Overcome Water Scarcity and Environmental Issues Essay

An Option to Overcome Water Scarcity and Environmental Issues - Essay Example However, â€Å"75 percent† of water derives from Northern parts whereas â€Å"80 percent† demand occurs from Southern and coastal California (2). Thus, it transpires that if the resourcing from Northern part is stopped, Southern California will have a water crisis. The population of California, estimated at â€Å"38 million in January 2008† is predicted to climb up to â€Å"59.5 million by 2050† (2). Therefore, in the future, the demand of water for Southern California will multiply. Thus, there is a need to assess the water requirements as well as finding solutions to resolve problem in areas that face scarcity. Two Faulty Arguments on Wasting Water: Water, though a natural resource that humans get easily and sometimes freely, is a very precious element for attaining progress in all areas including economic development. However, people tend to ignore this fact and do not care to preserve water or use their water resources sparingly. Thus, most people make a faulty assumption that paying water bills bestows on them the right to waste water. This argument is not tenable as there are many people who confront the acute shortage of water and they can perhaps subsist on the droplets that others unnecessarily waste. People think that water is an element that is abundantly available on earth and, therefore, they possess the discretion to use it as much as they want. This contention is not correct as resources, no matter how abundant they may appear, will exhaust through overconsumption. Increasing population is a major concern in all countries across the globe, with increased age expectancy as a result of advanced technologies in healthcare and medicine. Thus, people need to acknowledge the demand of future generations before using water beyond a reasonable limit. Besides, several emerging threats such as climate changes and global warming can cause severe draughts in the future. Thus, people must take into account these factors before pres uming that they can waste water as it is abundantly available at the moment. The Need for Replacing Lawns with Xeriscaped Gardens: Lawns need regular watering, mowing, manicuring and fertilizing for their upkeep and maintenance. Besides, to keep them safe from pests and other insects, they also demand the use of pesticides at frequent intervals. The government or local authorities, on many occasions, impose restrictions on the use of water as a result of drought conditions. On such occasions it becomes extremely difficult for people to maintain their lawns. Thus, the maintenance of lawns entails major concerns both in terms of scarcity as well as wastage of water. Research evidence suggests that a yard size of 25 x 40 consumes up to â€Å"1000 gallons of water† in summers (Ratliff 40). The same research also finds that lawns in the US consume over â€Å"70 million pounds of pesticides† in their tending and some of it â€Å"seeps into groundwater,† posing threat to both humans and wildlife (40). Lawn mowers also cause air pollution. Thus, when one considers the problems entailing from lawn maintenance, it appears that such landscaping, while provides homes an aesthetic appeal, comes with a lot negative impact on human life. Therefore, several environmentalists argue that lawns symbolize â€Å"wasteful disregard for the biosphere† (40). On the other hand, many people support the concept of natural landscaping, which, they believe, has many advantages. Proponents of this concept contend it reduces water wastage as well as the usage of pesticides considerably. Sandra Walk, a landscape architect, never installs turfs and she promotes the use of

What Did Marx Mean by Alienation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What Did Marx Mean by Alienation - Essay Example The essay "What Did Marx Mean by Alienation?" discusses what Karl Marx, the renowned social scientist, who elaborated on the importance of human labor and its varying form under each stage of the evolution of production relations, meant by alienation and how capitalism contributes to an individual being. He cleverly formulated the concept of alienation as a force serving as a big hindrance on the labor providers’ realization of their true identity and self-worth. This theory of alienation places human labor at the center of a society dominated by much impersonality and indifference. In a capitalist mode of production, labor becomes an object. Workers in this manner are restrained to realize their self-identity through their labor. This valuable human asset becomes an entity independent of them; outside of their control. Instead of giving reality to the workers, their labors become merely an instrument of a constructed reality forged by the few. The working class, in a capitali st mode of production, is entangled in a system wherein their labor is not something that they genuinely own but a being separate from them; their labor becomes a wretched commodity. Alienation has outcomes. It does not only transform laborers to lifeless machines but also remove them from their social being, which is from their fellow human beings. This form of alienation originates from the bitterness developed by the social class structures of a status quo. Laborers are alienated from the individuals who take advantage of their labor.

Perkin Warbeck Essay Example for Free

Perkin Warbeck Essay Explain why Perkin Warbeck remained a threat to the security of Henry VII for so many years. Perkin Warbeck was the second Yorkist pretender to the English throne after Lambert Simnel was defeated at the Battle of Stoke in 1487. Between the years 1491-99, he posed a significantly destabilising threat to Henry VII in dynastic terms, impersonating Richard of York, the younger son of Edward IV. The successes of Warbeck, which led him to remain a threat to the Kings security, may be largely categorised into the support from foreign powers during this period and discontent existing in England due to Henrys methods of ruling with relation to sustaining an authoritative and respected status both within his own country and abroad. Whilst it is possible to challenge such a concept of a threat, Warbeck was eventually executed in November 1499, demonstrating in a modern context that the Kings perception of this pretender was one of great concern for his position. Steven Gunn has suggested that Henry was a usurper and carried with him the problems of this title. Upon taking the English throne, it was inevitable that Henry would face opposition to his rule, particularly in consideration of his lack of familiarity with English politics and those supporters of the Yorkist claim. With the knowledge that Richard III intended John de la Pole to inherit the crown and having already fought at the Battle of Stoke to secure his position, it would seem almost equally likely that Henry would be a paranoid character by the time that Perkin Warbeck came to attention, and he could not predetermine the reactions of the De la Pole family, who were largely responsible for the pretenders. It is significant not only that Warbeck was the second embodiment of discontent within Henrys reign, but also that political unsettlement had been apparent under his predecessor also a usurper. Henry is likely to have feared reaching the same fate as Richard III, whose reign had been plagued with suspicions surrounding the Princes in the Tower controversy and indeed, the dating of his coronation to appear three days before his victory at Bosworth suggests paranoia existing even before his rule. Thus Warbeck is best viewed in one sense as a non-military threat, being an encouragement of this paranoia through the exploitation of Henrys potentially weak position. He reminded the King of the existence of dissatisfaction within his own country and later among foreign powers. The princes had never been seen again and were presumed murdered by their uncle, Richard III. In this way, there was an immediate simplicity for Warbeck to exploit the lack of clarification as to what had happened to them. Whereas Lambert Simnels claim was flawed in that Henry was able to parade the true Earl of Warwick through London during the crisis, Warbeck was imitating Edward IVs younger son, Richard of York. Hence this crisis was much more serious, for Henry was unable to prove the existence of the true Richard and if Warbeck truly was the prince he impersonated, his claim to the English throne would have been superior to that of Henry. The threat of Warbeck was enlarged by the context in which it occurred those behind the pretender were able to follow a potentially fatal method by which Henrys position could be destabilised. In order to ascertain why any pretender to the throne would become a prolonged threat, the nature of the monarchs rule must be evaluated. The view of Steven Gunn could be expanded upon to maintain that Henrys rule naturally had characteristics of that of a usurper: unlike a hereditary monarch, he required more stringent methods of discipline to enforce his position as a ruler. In addition to passing attainders against those involved with the pretenders (Edmund de la Pole was fined à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5000 to inherit some of his brothers lands and never inherited the dukedom of Suffolk for his involvement with Simnel) Empson and Dudley greatly assisted in coordinating the increased use of bonds and recognisances against subjects. Then in 1497, Perkin Warbecks forces rallied the rebels during the second Cornish Rising in protest against raised taxes to support the invasion of Scotland and together, they nearly took the city of Exeter. In this way, it can be observed that Warbeck becoming a threat was in a paradoxical sense Henry needed to use more powerful methods of rule to secure his own position and dynasty than an ordinary monarch due to his status, though the discontent which such methods brought about led to resentful individuals turning to the diversion of Warbeck. Threats in military terms from Perkin Warbeck during this period may be largely attributed to foreign support. Indeed, Warbeck potentially had concern also from nobility such as Sir William Stanley, as Margaret of Burgundy, sister of Edward IV, proclaimed him as her long-lost nephew. The role of France was crucial in causing Warbeck to remain a threat to the security of Henrys position. In 1491, he moved to the French court and was treated similarly to a prince by Charles VIII, which illustrated to Henry a possibility of an invasion the French had funded his own invasion of England in 1485 to overthrow Richard III, and the case could potentially have been that this claimant was genuine. The threat was heightened by Charles discontent in 1492 after Henrys assistance of the Duchess of Brittany in an attempt to retain her independence from France, whilst the 1489 Treaty of Medina del Campo with Spain led the French to encourage James IV of Scotland to invade England. It was Henrys invasion of France in 1492 which appeared to be a very drastic action with regard to this pretender it was clear that with foreign military backing, his position could be significantly threatened. However, in this respect, it must be noted that the threat was not Warbeck as an individual, but rather the concept of the proceedings and those supporting him. He became a focus for French discontent with Henry VII in the same way that he had been a Yorkist focus in England. A prolonged threat from any pretender to any throne can always be attributed to discontent with a monarchs rule. Conformingly, Perkin Warbeck was often able to exploit this to enlist support and increase opposition to the King. It is clear that the level of foreign support given to the pretender ultimately was the greatest contributing factor in threatening Henrys security due to the possibility of a successful invasion, though the paranoia and the methods of rule enlisted to secure his dynasty were equal factors in causing Warbeck to remain a threat. In contrast, it is very significant that Warbeck was never a primary threat as an individual, but merely a strong secondary threat behind the foreign powers and nobility that supported him it was the concept that destabilised the position of Henry VII.