A Study On The Protective Immunity - 928 Words

In this study, the CRPV/HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model was used to assess the protective immunity generated by DNA vaccines delivered using the gene gun, the tattoo gun or the microneedle system. The focus was to determine whether the tattoo gun and the microneedle delivery systems were useful DNA vaccination alternatives to the gene gun. Our laboratory has successfully utilized the gene gun in our DNA vaccination studies for both protective and therapeutic purposes (17,34). However, the gene gun system is costly, and we are constantly looking for alternatives to back up our vaccine development program. Tattoo gun has been reported to deliver a DNA vaccine successfully in both mice and non-human primates (21-23). Compared with the gene gun and microneedle, tattoo gun delivery is more cost effective but more invasive which generates trauma and scars the vaccinated tissues. Microneedle delivery has achieved comparable protection in mice with twice the dose of gene gun delivery (24 ). However, no studies have been attempted in rabbits for DNA vaccination with either a tattoo gun or a microneedle. In the current study, we compared the gene gun with the tattoo gun as well as the tattoo gun with microneedle DNA vaccine delivery using our well-studied DNA epitope vaccines and our unique HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model (39). Read out was tumor outgrowth rates and tumor size. We demonstrated that these two novel DNA delivery systems can be used for DNA vaccination in the rabbitShow MoreRelatedInteractions Between Fungi And DC900 Words   |  4 Pagesand DC: How DC can be used to develop vaccines? Like mentioned previously, DC initiates activation of different types of cells based on type of molecules/antigens at site of infection. Hence different forms of fungi initiate different mechanisms of immunity. When DC pulsed with fungus are introduced into mice, they can initiate specific immune response against that antigen by activating CD4+ Th cells. The analysis of antigen specific proliferation and cytokine production from CD4+ Th cells was doneRead MoreA Research Analysis Of MERS-COV Mice912 Words   |  4 PagesAn experimental study done on Six-to eight-week-old specific pathogen-free female BALB/c mice to test if DNA vaccine encoding MERS-COV S protein can induce immunity against MERS-COV infection. The study generated 3 recombinant plasmids expressing MERS-CoV spike protein: pcDNA3.1-S, pcDNA3.1-SDCD, and pcDNA3.1-S1 which dissolved into Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with final concertation of 1  µg /  µl. Mice were divide randomly to experimental group which injected intramuscularly with 100  µg recombinantRead MoreRapid Diagnostic Tests In Rwanda Case Study1129 Words   |  5 Pagesmalaria transmission Combined malaria histidine rich protein 2 (HRP2)/ Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are often used to determine whether persons with fever should be treated with anti-malarials. The observation study carried out in Rwanda on 9226 from April 2014- April 2015 to compare the sensitivity of RDTs based on HRP2 and the Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) in diagnosing malaria using microscopy and molecular test(PCR) to see if there is associationRead More##syl Lipid A ( GLA ) Adjuvants : Associated Antigen Portrayed In Fig1857 Words   |  4 Pagesassociated antigen (Rv1813) as shown in Fig1. The protein has been identified to recognize human T cells [11] and has the capacity to stimulate Th1 immune responses known to confer protective immunity that is required for an effective TB vaccine [12]. However, as is generally known, recombinant proteins are by themselves poorly immunogenic and need an adjuvant to stimulate adaptive immune responses. The Glucopyranosyl Lipid A (GLA) adjuvant is a synthetic Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 4 that is formulatedRead MoreVaccinations : Should They Be Mandatory?1331 Words   |  6 Pagesmicroorganisms or toxins or of antibodies or lymphocytes† that is administered predominantly to thwart virus replication of a particular disease (Vaccine). It acts as a stimulant for the immune system of a human body which assists in developing adaptive immunity to a specific pathogen. Shockingly, vaccines themselves are created using components found in the virus or the bacteria itself (Offit). As of present, no federal vaccination laws exist in the United States of America although all states require childrenRead MoreHemoglobin Case Study940 Words   |  4 PagesThis study was aimed to assess the hemoglobin level, and associated factors to the development of neonatal infection in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). In our study of 256 neonates, the most prevalent diagnosis on admission was Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) of new born (43.00%) followed by prematurity (29.70%). Birth weight (with mean=1889g,), gestational age (mean= 34.2 weeks), hospital stay (mean=12days) and hemoglobin level (mean=14 ±2 g/dl) had greater odds for development of neonatalRead MoreWay to Stronger, Healthier and a More Immune India1833 Words   |  7 Pagesimmunization - Colostrum: We are responsible for immunity of the babies to start developing right from birth itself. It is the babys right to drink the mothers first milk expressed which is called colostrum. It has large amount of main immune factor Immunoglobulin A(IgA) which forms a protective layer on the mucous membranes in the babys intestines, nose and throat. This protective layer protects the babies from invading germs. The protective layer formed in intestinal tract prevent babies fromRead MoreBreastfeeding : The Natural Source Of Nutrition For Babies1175 Words   |  5 Pagesfluid that a newborn needs in the early days after birth, as well as substances to protect the baby diseases. Compared to regular breast milk, colostrum is yellow in color, and very dense. Its color and thickness are a result of it being higher in protective nutrients and antibodies. (HHS- Office on Women’s Health, 4). Also, colostrum is higher in protein, slightly lower in sugar, extremely low in fat. A mother’s body will produce colostrum for many days after child birth, until milk production increasesRead MoreEssay On Natural Immunity Against Malaria1574 Words   |  7 PagesNatural Immunity against malaria: Natural immunity against asexual stage parasites develops with repetitive exposure to malaria parasites and thus forms the basis of clinical immunity against malaria (Baird, Jones et al. 1991, Day and Marsh 1991, Trape, Rogier et al. 1994, Baird 1995, Baird 1998, Hviid 2005). Though clinical immunity to malaria has been shown to develop in individuals, it does not prevent reinfection due to several factors including the complex life-cycle of the parasite and insufficiencyRead MoreThe Epidemic Of West Nile1599 Words   |  7 Pageschallenge were used in the 1999-2000 studies. These challenge models result in about 90% of the nonvaccinated control horses developing viremia, but only 10% demonstrated clinical disease. The intrathecal challenge model is the newest version. 70 to 90% of nonvaccinated control horses become visemic and 90 to 100% develop grave signs of encephalomyelitis. West Nile virus vaccines are licensed either as 1) an aid in protection against viremia or 2) protective against viremia and clinical disease

North Atlantic Slave Trade - 2518 Words

HIST1105 Essay Question: Edward Long justified slavery in 1774 by arguing that black Africans’ â€Å"narrow intellect† and â€Å"bestial smell† implied that they might almost be of a different species. What part did racism play in establishing and maintaining the north Atlantic slave trade? Response: With the discovery and colonisation of the New World, white Europeans had to establish a workforce to perform the transformation of vast areas of land. Massive vegetation clearance, road construction, building development, establishing and maintaining food supplies and service to those who were entrusted with the management of the new found colonies, the demand for manual labour to establish the new colonies as independent identities from the†¦show more content†¦Through failed attempts of fighting against their attackers that had sophisticated machine guns and weapons, the blacks were captured and used as labourers. For the African rulers to be strong they needed fire arms which could only be obtained from Europeans by selling their people for slaves. Under the power held by white people, Africans experienced being kept in dungeons, being victims of sexual, psychological, physical and emotional abuse. Most married African women would have had strong and blessed marriages w ithin their communities before they were captured, however slave masters and priests would be demanding for kisses from the married women. The slaves received inhuman treatment during the trade without any dignity or respect from their white superiors. Different racial stereotypes were often developed by the white Europeans about the Africans during the trade period, which in fact continued on long after the great disaster ended. There were comparisons in criticism towards the black people; however there was one main view of which they were drawn upon, this was that they were described as naive, ignorant and superstitious, moreover many assumptions where made based on their physical appearance These stereotypes were caused and maintained by racism which had come as a result of the slavery. Further, they created a problem which continues to stay as â€Å"stereotypingShow MoreRelatedBritish America s Commercial Empire892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe eighteenth century was disclose with Alexander Falconbridge and Vision of America textbook passages along with the transatlantic slave trade database. The English Empire was built on cash crop exportation such as tobacco, rice, and sugar. A colonist in the most important settlements set t hemselves in plantations. â€Å"By the early eighteenth century, expanding trade with the British Empire increased the number of wealthy colonists and brought a flood of new luxury goods into affluent American HomesRead MoreThe African Of African Diaspora1733 Words   |  7 Pageshomeland, resiliency is essential. Humanity has molded and shaped the progress of the world in ways such as the movement or scattering of African colonies and tribes to the Americas in an inhumane fashion. This diaspora is known as the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. This essay will aim to provide a historical examination on the experience of Africans whom were forced to the Americas, ultimately triumphing over the obstacles and hardships that were put in place to hinder and obstruct human rights suchRead MoreEssay on 18th Centry Slavery In North America922 Words   |  4 Pagesexpand their power for technological, demographic, and economic reasons. The results of European expansion lead to new discoveries, international trade of goods and people, migration, and rivalry among European nations. The Atlantic slave trade was the exploitation of Africans who were enslaved to Europeans to perform free labor. The Atlantic slave trade was an abominable act that lasted from the fifteenth century into the nineteenth century. As the new world developed; the high demand for laborRead MoreThe Economic Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa, Britain, and America1398 Words   |  6 Pageswas all up to the slaves. Finding the perfect slave was a challenge to the colonists. First, there was the indentured servants, second, came the Indians. However because Indians and indentured servants could escape to freedom with ease, they were not the ideal slaves. The colonists’ third attempt proved to be a gold mine. The unfortunate people who were forced in to captivity were the Africans. In order to obtain these precious African slaves, sailors had to sail across the Atlantic Ocean, but it madeRead MoreCandido Term Paper: African Slave Trade1254 Words   |  6 PagesMarshall 999681704 Book Review: An African Slaving Port on the Atlantic, by Mariana Candido The impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the people living in Angola during the seventeenth century onwards was monumental. The Portuguese presence in the Benguelan harbour caused disorder, social strain, and sociocultural transformation for the people specifically residing in Benguela. In the study An African Slaving Port on the Atlantic, Mariana Candido outlines the progression of Benguela startingRead MoreSlavery And The Black Slavery1214 Words   |  5 PagesFROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM CHAPTERS 4, 5 and 6 Slave Societies in this chapter includes people with similar characteristics who lived together in a well or less organized community. Slave societies in eighteenth -century were common in North America in New England, the Mid-Atlantic and the Lower Mississippi Valley. The black slavery experience was not unique, that is not the same in these areas, was influenced by local conditions, nation of the colonizers, composition of men and women, statistical characteristicsRead MoreSlavery And The Black Slavery1534 Words   |  7 PagesFROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM CHAPTERS 4, 5 and 6 Chapter 4 Slave Societies in this chapter mean people with similar characteristics who lived together in a well or less organized community. Slave societies in eighteenth -century were common in North America in New England, the Mid-Atlantic and the Lower Mississippi Valley. The black slavery experience was not unique, that is not the same in these areas, was influenced by local conditions, nation of the colonizers, composition of men and women, statisticalRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade Movement870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atlantic Slave trade helped many African Americans transport across the Atlantic Ocean. Many slaves went through different experiences as they migrated from the Atlantic Ocean to America. Slavery and Slave Trade occurred in variety of cultures for over thousand of years. In West Africa, slave trade was much more common. It involved majority women and children that became servants only in Asia and North Africa. By the time Spain joined Portugal, the Atlantic slave trade expanded a there wasRead MoreEssay about Atlantic Slave Trade1519 Words   |  7 Pagescalled â€Å"The Atlantic Slave Trade† and was born in Zwagerbosch, Netherlands in 1935. He received his PhD from Michigan State. He is now a professor at Minnesota State University and has written â€Å"The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade†. As well as co- editing of â€Å"Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic trade and Shipping.† The Atlantic slave trade was the largest and longest ongoing international voyage in human history. Taking place as early as the 1440’s, the slave trade gives valuableRead MoreThe Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade679 Words   |  3 PagesThe Trans-Atlantic slave occurred during the early sixteenth century and lasted until the beginning of the all the way to nineteenth century. It was during this time when the beginning of the Black Diaspora would begin to manifest itself with the exportation of millions of the African populace to the Americas. These African people were forced and taken from their respective countries in a horrific manner. The result, these people became the slaves of newly forming colonies in North America. The trek

Operations Management Strategic Operations Management

Question: Discuss about the case study Operations Management for Strategic Operations Management. Answer: Introduction In todays world, with the increase in completion and advancement in technology, the rate of corruption is also increasing. So the management should manage the operations in such a way that will support the firm to survive in the competitive environment throughout the world without involving any corruption. In other words, the operations management should be turned into strategic operations management. The world is becoming so advanced that it demands continuous innovation to sustain in the competitive era including the markets and industries (Brown, et al, 2013). In the following discussion, we are going to discuss about some of the important sections of the strategic operations management which includes the following sections: Nature of strategy Role of operations strategy Manufacturing and strategic operations. Analysis and outlining Nature of Strategy Definition Understanding or making a strategy is not as easy as making a strategy requires a lot of analysis as well as practice. Therefore strategy can be defined in many ways. Some of them are: Strategy deals with meeting the needs of the current market demand along with exploiting the existing potential market opportunities (Hooley, et al, 2004). Strategy is making plans for the better and efficient use of the assets (Steiner, 2010). Strategy is formulating processes to help the enterprises to compete in this competitive world in unique and efficient way (Porter, 2008). Strategy is to develop the proficiency of the operations of the firms to such a superior level that the competitors were unable to imagine about it or if they come to know about the strategy then they will be unable to copy it (Cantamessa and Montagna, 2006: 87-114). All the definitions and indications about the strategy are related to the operations management in many different ways. From all the above it can be concluded that a strategy is the way to help the company to increase the performance which always includes formation and set up of goals and plans action for achieving those goals. Mission The missions should not be so dramatic or lengthy, but it should have some meaning which totally depends upon the capacity of the firms. Operations strategys success is not dependent on the length of the strategy or on how sweetly it is articulated. It is dependent how much the plan is concentrated on capacity of the operations effort. The capabilities of the firm should make the firm capable of competing with other firms in this highly competitive world. Along with the main motive of the strategy, there are also some small motives which include making all the employees to participate in each and every part of the strategy (Child, et al, 2005). Connecting the above two sections, it can be stated that if a companys mission is to make others know about what the firm is, then the purpose of strategy is to take care of how the mission can be achieved. To make a suitable and strong strategy the senior strategists should analyse and keep the knowledge about the operation capability of the company. It should not give extreme independence or limit the performances of the employees (Okoye, 2006). Figure 1: Basic Strategy Model Manufacturing And Operations Strategy Manufacturing strategy is the main part of the operational strategy and manufacturing strategy is introduced as a core topic of the operational management system by the U.S academics. Manufacturing strategy consists of the structural/infrastructure parts which also include capability of quality, manufacturing, skills audits, inventory management, innovation and requirements of investment (Ahmed, Abdalla., 2000: 3677-3709). Manufacturing strategy can also be stated as the combination of resource management and achievement of business demands. Operations Strategy One of the most important features of the operation managers is that the managers are aware of the competitive environment revolving around the company so they are able to deal with the competitors by putting on a strategy. Formation of a strategy for operations that constitutes a share of the overall strategy formed for the business can also play an important role in uniting the whole organization. Despite of all the disturbances in the markets, a strong and efficient strategy can perform an important role in the success of the firm. In a firm the formation of strategy is very important because without that the short term and the long term goals will get mixed up and messed up (Atsiaya., 2013). Manufacturing is a very important part of the performance of the company in terms of market share, profits and growth. Manufacturing have the capacity to be a competitive weapon in the strategy of the firm if it is utilized properly (Ward, et al., 1996: 597-626). Both the operational strategy as well as the business strategy gets contribution from the manufacturing strategy. Its influencing areas are as follows: Selection of new technologies. Development of new products. Management of human resources. The external competitive environment has a huge effect on the operations and performance of the company. Therefore it is essential to involve the operation strategy in formulation and implementation of the strategy in the business. The operation strategy should match with the requirements of the market in three areas: The operational strategy should be jolted in such a way that it should support the aims of the strategic business unit. Operational strategy should be aligned not only with the competitive strategy but also with other strategies predominantly with the human resources as well as the marketing. Operational strategy should help in maintaining the internal consistency of the firm. Commonly, operational strategy is important in two ways in the order to contribute in the achievement of the business goals and advancing in the competitive environment. First the operational strategy can be the centre for the implementation of the business strategy. According to this approach, operation will help in fitting the strategy properly so as to focus in the efforts and resources, so that the designed strategy will work properly. Secondly, in this approach the operational competences are viewed as the prior skill, which are to be used properly so as to form new chances in new spaces. Here the contribution of the operations would be extending to the planning sections. Strategic Management The strategic management deals with paying attention to the analysis of the business environments and framing the strategies related to the changes in business environment. Strategic management is related to the concept of strategic planning as well as strategic thinking. Strategic planning is an analytical method which refers to the framing procedures for the production of data and its analysis is used for strategic thinking, which after synthesis results in the formation of strategy. Mostly strategic management includes two processes: Formulation: This formulation includes the analysis of the market environment of the organization, and then formation of a strategy for the decisions about the completion of the company. Formation of a competitive strategy includes mostly four elements: strength and weakness of the company, personal values, and expectations of society. The environmental analysis includes the following elements: Pestle analysis: This analysis is an agenda used in the examination of the factors of the external environment affecting the function of the organization. Industrial environment: The analysis of the industrial environment is done by Porters Five Forces Analysis process. This framework helps in the analysis of the rival competitors and attracting the market. It determines to portrait the portfolio of the contributions the organisation about what it is offering and in which markets it is offering. Relation between external and internal environment: This analysis is done with the help of the Swot analysis framework which relates and examines both the internal elements as well as the external elements of the organization. Internal elements include Strengths and Weakness and external elements include Opportunities and Threats. Decisions about strategy: This is based on the environmental assessment vision and responses of the strategy. Implementation: The second process is implementation of the strategy which includes decisions about the alignment of the resources, its mobility towards the objective of the organizations. The result of the implementation of the strategy is structured organizations resources, leadership measures, communications, monitoring the progress and incentives. Evaluation And Control Evaluating the strategy of the organization and controlling its results are very essential. To achieve this goal, following activities are involved: Establishment of the performance of the targets, Standards, and limits of tolerance of the objectives. Measurement of the performance of the target in a given time and if the results are not satisfactory then instructions should be provided to the managers so as to take required actions. Analysis of the results and the difference of the results from the expected. Modification should be done whenever and wherever required. Analysis of Strategic Operation Management of Jaguar Jaguar Land Rover is a Britain based company which is the combination of two great cars and designs and manufactures in UK. It is taken over by the Indian company Tata Motors in 2008. It is a merger of two car companies Jaguar and Land Rover, having a combined strategy for their vehicles and innovations and also due to the merger they had a great success. The management consists of many experienced managers for manufacturing and quality sections who decided to relocated from UK to India so as to monitor the operations in different parts of world including Pakistan, Malaysia, Kenya and Turkey (Jaguarlandrover.com, 2016). Corporate Strategy and Strategic Operations Management Corporate Strategy determines about the business the company should be in how to assign resources to the business and between different businesses. This is a management of top level, highly influenced by the stakeholders and keeps a goal of guiding strategically the decision making of the organization (Hitt, etal., 2009). Next is the Business Strategy which totally is about the way an organization competes successfully in a decided market. It deals with the decision made in choice of the products, achieving the customers demands, leading the competitors and new opportunities creation etc. Figure 2: Levels of Strategy The last level is the Functional level of strategy is a level of individual functions which deals with how each and every function affects the strategy and what should be their strategic objectives. The aim of the strategic operations management is to ensure that all the operations department of the company who has completed the operations strategy are linked to other strategies of the company Jaguar Land Rover Jaguar Land Rover has a corporate strategy which is stated as Transforming our products and our business operations through environmental innovation, investing in our people, advancing knowledge and supporting worldwide (Duysters, et al., 2009: 325-349). The two important strategies for sustenance adopted by Jaguar Land Rover and those are responsibility for environment and global social responsibility till 2020 (Aswathappa., 2009). Environmental responsibility is termed as a long term goal for the growth of the sustainability, after the growth, turn comes for products and business operations which are derivative of the innovation to produce sustainable products and manufacturing solutions. All these will result in the growth and benefit of the company (Eniang., 2008). To achieve the environmental goals some important objectives are set by the company like reduction of the emission of the CO2 gas, products which will not affect the life cycle and many more. In accordance to the achievement of goals for the sustainable business operations, leadership is introduced in the operations as well as supply chain management. The main responsibility of the company is to generate opportunities by keeping an aim for new and talented skills for future communities all over the world. The objectives set are improvement in the performance and nature of talent, development of communities, supporting the global communities and so on (Yohannes., 2013). The two main issues those influence the sustenance strategy to a height are the issues related to the stakeholders and how the company will give its best to the global trends and where its impact will be the highest. Strategy After so many successful years of acquiring JLR, Ford started struggling to make money in the market and its Premier Automobile Group started to be disbanded. To save the company from being bankrupt the management decided to sell the company and then it is taken over by the Tata Motors of India. the deal took a lot of time to be completed, as even after the announcement of the agreement it became difficult to get the regulatory approval as the company was inextricably linked with Ford. So to ease the offering of the deal, Ford keep on supplying powertrains and other components to the company and also the Blue Oval decided to keep on offering the RD, back office and finance help to the company. From the above discussion about JLR, it can be concluded that JLR is the worlds largest car manufacturer. Its high level of quality and luxury shows the advantage of its competition as its choice of the sustainability strategy is remarkable when it comes to the case of stakeholders and needs of the customers. The strategy is not only for the product but also for the passion as well as the responsibility for the environment and the society. In the name of brighter, beautiful and responsible future, the company acknowledges two paths, one for the environmental responsibility and the other for the social responsibility. With the help of the CSR program, the company invested a lot to produce well trained, educated employees with advanced innovative skills. The supply chain management have decided to use the renewable energy more and more so as to increase the efficiency of energy with less wastage of water which will also lead to the decrease in solid waste in a logistic way. Conclusion From the above discussion we came to know about the strategy, manufacturing strategy and how it is related to the operational management and the strategic operation management. After that we came to know about the strategic operational management of Jaguar Land Rover. From all the above four definitions it can be concluded that a strategy is the way to help the company to increase the performance which always includes formation and set up of goals and plans action for achieving those goals. The capabilities of the firm should make the firm capable of competing with other firms in this highly competitive world. Along with the main motive of the strategy, there are also some small motives which include making all the employees to participate in each and every part of the strategy. Manufacturing strategy consists of the structural/infrastructure parts which also include capability of quality, manufacturing, skills audits, inventory management, innovation and requirements of investment. Formation of a strategy for operations that constitutes a share of the overall strategy formed for the business can also play an important role in uniting the whole organization. Strategic planning is an analytical method which refers to the framing procedures for the production of data and its analysis is used for strategic thinking, which after synthesis results in the formation of strategy. After so many merits there are also some limitations: It is known that the strategies of all the sections are focused on the development of the company, setting goals, accomplishing it and guiding for the environmental issues, but there are also some issues which the strategies cannot touch. The strategies are formed by keeping the wellbeing of time but it may occur that initially it keeps matching but later dont. Therefore it can be stated that a managerial strategic plan can fail in dynamic situation. One more demerit is that the strategies of a company have limited scope, so the objective pursued by organizations has limited scope. If proper guidance is not given then this may affect the performance of the company as it will restrict the working capability of the employees by its rules and regulations. References Ahmed, A.M. and Abdalla, H.S., 2000. Beyond competition: A framework for the 21st century. International journal of production research, 38(15), pp.3677-3709. Atsiaya, S.A., 2013. Operations strategy and firm-level competitiveness among savings and credit co-operative societies in Nairobi County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Aswathappa, K., 2009. Essentials of business environment. Himalaya Publishing House. Brown, S., Bessant, J.R. and Lamming, R., 2013. Strategic operations management. Routledge. Cantamessa, M. and Montagna, F., 2016. The Many Approaches to Innovation Strategy. In Management of Innovation and Product Development (pp. 87-114). Springer London. Child, J., Faulkner, D. and Tallman, S.B., 2005. Cooperative strategy. Oxford University Press, USA Duysters, G., Jacob, J., Lemmens, C. and Jintian, Y., 2009. Internationalization and technological catching up of emerging multinationals: a comparative case study of China's Haier group. Industrial and corporate change, 18(2), pp.325-349. .Eniang, E.A., 2008. Emerging trends and threats of climate changeimplications and amelioration strategies for sustainable protected areas management in Western Africa?. Section 1: Climate change and the energy crisis. Hooley, G.J., Saunders, J.A. and Piercy, N., 2004. Marketing strategy and competitive positioning. Pearson Education. Jaguarlandrover.com. (2016). English | Jaguar Land Rover Corporate Website. [online] Available at: https://www.jaguarlandrover.com/gl/en/ [Accessed 14 Jul. 2016]. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2009. Competitiveness and Globalization. Okoye, H.N., 2016. Impact of Corporate Policy and Strategic Planning on the Performance of Nigerian Commercial Banks (Doctoral dissertation). Porter, M.E., 2008. Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. Simon and Schuster. Steiner, G.A., 2010. Strategic planning. Simon and Schuster. Ward, P.T., Bickford, D.J. and Leong, G.K., 1996. Configurations of manufacturing strategy, business strategy, environment and structure. Journal of management, 22(4), pp.597-626. Yohannes, M., Comparison and analysis of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports of the top five companies ranked on the 2013 CSR RepTrak.

Triclosan Essay free essay sample

Weren’t anti-microbial agents considered safe for humans to use and not suppose to be harmful in nature? In recent studies, triclosan, an antibacterial compound is shown to be a harmful agent to humans rather than being helpful in keeping bacterial illnesses away. Presently, antimicrobials agents triclosan and triclocarban are examples of widely used antimicrobials agents in personal care products in United States and many other countries worldwide1. Triclosan is a 2,4,4- tricholoro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether and triclocarbon is a 3,4,4 – trichlorocarbanilide organic compound. One of the more common antimicrobial agents used in many househould products each year, triclosan is a synthetic, lipid-soluble, broad spectrum anti-microbial agent that was first used in health care setting in 1972 and then used in the toothpaste making industry in 1985 in Europe 2. From then onwards, triclosan has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in personal care products, household items, and in hospital settings to control the spread of bacterial illnesses in medical devices 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Triclosan Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition to FDA approving the use of triclosan as an over the counter drug for use in personal items and household items, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also regulates triclosan as an anti-microbial agent for the protection of polymers and plastics. However, recent studies prove that anti-microbial agent triclosan is turning to be more harmful than beneficial to humans even though it is effective with high efficacy levels in its mechanisms of action by inhibiting bacterial growth. The word â€Å"anti-microbial† has an automatic positive connotation and can also be seen as a misnomer because of the negative effects it has on the human population rather than promoting good health. In the United States, studies prove that triclosan is known for its high anti-microbial effectiveness and is readily available over the counter drug for personal use approved by FDA and EPA. The FDA regulates triclosan by making it readily available drug for use in hand soaps, deodorants, toothpaste, laundry detergents, fabric softeners, facial tissues, and antiseptics for wound care and medical devices. In addition, not knowing its possible harmful effects, FDA approved the usage of 0. 3% triclosan in Colgate Total toothpaste to prevent gingivitis tooth infection and cavities in humans in 1997 2 . Furthermore, triclosan is also used to control the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitals and in surgical clothing and sutures to prevent bacterial colonization of the surgical wounds2. Because of the usage of triclosan in the household and care products, human population can get direct exposure to triclosan through ingestion or dermal contact, spread in the environment which can lead to dangerous and harmful environment. Studies show triclosan deposits are found in finished drinking water, surface water, wastewater, wild fish, and in environmental sediments in some of the states around the United States2. The studies proved that mechanisms of action of triclosan are efficient in inhibiting the growth of bacteria by intercalating into the bacterial membranes and disrupting the membrane activities of the bacteria. In addition, triclosan inhibits the enoyl-reductase of type II fatty acid synthase involving in the bacteria’s lipid biosynthesis2. Triclosan is known to be more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria with being highly effective against Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, triclosan acts as a bacteriostatic at lower doses in any substance and bactericidal at higher doses. When acting as a bactericidal, triclosan acts against many different targets including the cell membrane and can act as an anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-malarial2. According to Fang et al. , the mechanisms of actions of triclosan in different household items proven by the American Medical Association in 2002 determined that triclosan containing soaps were efficacious. However, the research study found that triclosan does not reduce the bacterial counts on hands to a greater extent than a plain soap without any anti-microbial agent unless triclosan is added in high concentrations which then can be more harmful to humans than safe. In addition, an inner city study collected data for one-year period and concluded that there was no statistical difference between the use of â€Å"anti-microbial† household items like detergents and soaps compared to the use of identical products without anti-microbial agents in the household items. Studies examining the usage of triclosan in dentrifices concluded that persons using dentrifice with triclosan in it had 27% less plaque than individuals using dentrifices without triclosan2. However, the same study revealed that dentrices with combination of triclosan and zinc citrate were not effective against plaque or gingivitis2. Additionally, in a study that evaluated the efficacy of triclosan in sutures indicated that sutures with triclosan produced a 3-log reduction in the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in guinea pigs and 1-log reduction in the growth of E-coli bacteria in mice compared to sutures without triclosan2. Other examples include comparison of an anti-bacterial toothbrush containing triclosan-coated tufts with a regular toothbrush without triclosan which also did prove to not inhibit the bacterial growth on the anti-bacterial toothbrush2. It is noted that triclosan does inhibit the growth of bacteria; however the difference between using an anti-microbial household item and a regular household cleaning item is not much in terms of being safe from the bacterial illnesses. For example, it can be seen in the above paragraph that soaps that contain triclosan have not been proven to be more effective in preventing normal household illnesses than ordinary soap. Currently, research shows triclosan can be toxic and get into the circulation system of humans via absorption through the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract after oral exposure, through the skin, and through the mucosal tissues. It can act as a selective inhibitor of the glucuronidation and sulfonation of phenolic xenobiotics in human liver as well2. Triclosan is a slow binding inhibitor of human type I fatty acid synthase and is shown to inhibit cell growth of SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells3. Studies with P. aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and S. ureus showed that triclosan acts on a bacterial target in the bacterial fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, NADH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase or in homolog InhA in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis4. Triclosan can form a stable ternary complex through interactions with amino acid residues of the active enzyme site and can act as a site-directed inhibitor of the enoyl protein reductase. In addition to these detrimental effects that can cause toxicity in humans or triclosan resistance, high concentrations of triclosan in anti-microbial products can also cause cell lysis through the inhibition of lipid, RNA, and rotein synthesis4. Toxicity of triclosan depends on the route of administration with intravenous administration through mucosal tissues showing the greatest degree of toxicity which might lead to dangerous side effects. For example, the study by Fang et al showed that through dermal route, the human participants had edema and dermal erythema as a side effect of triclosan in palomolive soap2. Additionally, the increased use of anti-bacterial in household products has been linked to increased allergies in children. Further studies specific to triclosan have shown that it affects reproduction in lab animals, produces toxic chemicals such as dioxin and chloroform when it reacts with other chemicals like the chlorine in water and the worse effect of causing cancer in human population3. A study by British researchers found that triclosan has estrogenic and androgenic hormone properties and exposure could potentially contribute to breast cancer1. Thus, there are many proven studies that explain the dangers of using excessive triclosan amounts in househould products and should be avoided if possible. In addition to triclosan causing known harmful systematic and environmental side effects, the problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance is also a result of long antibiotic use that has been studied for long by researchers. Triclosan’s increase in creating more potent strains of bacteria can lead to increasing antibacterial resistance which is a contributing factor to many household illnesses because of usage of â€Å"anti-bacterial† household products. This is due to the fact that triclosan kills most of the colonies of bacteria that it encounters and bacteria that survive become harder to kill increasing the bacterial resistance. It is evident that bacteria use different mechanisms to develop resistance to any biocide. Thus, the problem of bacteria becoming resistance to triclosan through target mutations, active efflux and degradative enzymes is on the rise presently. For example, in a laboratory study with triclosan to study target mutation, scientists showed that fabI mutations caused cross-resistance with other antimicrobial agents in E-coli. Thus, certain biocides share targets with antibiotics and greater use of biocide will select resistance against useful drugs like tricosan4. Continuing, triclosan resistance in M. megmatis and M. tuberculosis caused resistance to isoniazid which is a drug used to treat the tuberculosis infections4. Another mechanism of triclosan resistance is the efflux from the bacterial cell. Bacteria express efflux pumps in the nodulation cell division family, the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), the small multidrug resistance family (SMR), the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family and the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family4. Schweizer also demonstrated that all of the family transporters catalyze the drug efflux through the required energy in the form of ATP and proton motive force4. Finally, the most recent studies have two findings that conclud that triclosan and antibiotic resistance are connected to each other. First, triclosan and antibiotics share multidrug efflux systems as a mechanism of resistance and select similar mutations in regulatory loci as a mechanism of resistance. Second, M. tuberculosis regulating mutation leading to isoniazid resistance was also seen in triclosan resistance4. In conclusion, since both triclosan and antibiotics are linked, it is possible that widespread use of triclosan in many household products may lead to antibiotic resistance and triclosan resistance. Antibacterial resistance is not the only health concern associated with triclosan. Studies have proven recently that the increased use of antibacterials with triclosan in household products can be dangerous and more harmful than beneficial because not only triclosan can affect systemic routes or can contribute to bacterial resistance; it also poses a threat to the environment. It is toxic to algae and accumulates in fish. This major issue is becoming larger as many products that contain triclosan are now washing down into the water systems, making triclosan a common contaminant of streams and rivers. Thus, causing a bioaccumulation of triclosan in organisms in water and spreading through aquatic and terrestrial food webs. In addition, triclosan also has been found in blood, urine sample and in breast milk of humans around the world1. While public who uses triclosan products daily have higher levels of the chemical in their systems, consumers who do not use triclosan on their skin are exposed to the chemical through food, water and through the usage of household products.